A Monte-Carlo model of a SiPM coupled to a scintillating crystal

Pulko, Jozef; Schneider, Florian; Velroyen, Astrid; Renker, D.; Ziegler, Sibylle

doi:10.1088/1748-0221/7/02/p02009

Cited by 21 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 21 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Other authors have developed Monte Carlo models of SiPMs coupled to scintillators, e.g. Pulko et al (2012). Furthermore, Jha et al (2013) developed a comprehensive but computationally efficient, combined discrete-time discrete-event Monte Carlo model that can be used to simulate not only the expectation value, but also the variance of the SiPM response to light pulses of any shape.…”

Section: Sipm Topology and Principle Of Operationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physics and technology of time-of-flight PET detectors

Schaart

2021

Phys. Med. Biol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The imaging performance of clinical positron emission tomography (PET) systems has evolved impressively during the last ∼15 years. A main driver of these improvements has been the introduction of time-of-flight (TOF) detectors with high spatial resolution and detection efficiency, initially based on photomultiplier tubes, later silicon photomultipliers. This review aims to offer insight into the challenges encountered, solutions developed, and lessons learned during this period. Detectors based on fast, bright, inorganic scintillators form the scope of this work, as these are used in essentially all clinical TOF-PET systems today. The improvement of the coincidence resolving time (CRT) requires the optimization of the entire detection chain and a sound understanding of the physics involved facilitates this effort greatly. Therefore, the theory of scintillation detector timing is reviewed first. Once the fundamentals have been set forth, the principal detector components are discussed: the scintillator and the photosensor. The parameters that influence the CRT are examined and the history, state-of-the-art, and ongoing developments are reviewed. Finally, the interplay between these components and the optimization of the overall detector design are considered. Based on the knowledge gained to date, it appears feasible to improve the CRT from the values of 200-400 ps achieved by current state-of-the-art TOF-PET systems to about 100 ps or less, even though this may require the implementation of advanced methods such as time resolution recovery. At the same time, it appears unlikely that a system-level CRT in the order of ∼10 ps can be reached with conventional scintillation detectors. Such a CRT could eliminate the need for conventional tomographic image reconstruction and a search for new approaches to timestamp annihilation photons with ultra-high precision is therefore warranted. While the focus of this review is on timing performance, it attempts to approach the topic from a clinically driven perspective, i.e. bearing in mind that the ultimate goal is to optimize the value of PET in research and (personalized) medicine. Selected abbreviations and symbols BSR Backside readout C d Diode capacitance CFD Constant-fraction discriminator CRLB Cramér-Rao lower bound CRT Coincidence resolving time C q Parallel capacitance of quench resistor DCR Dark count rate DOI Depth of interaction dSiPM Digital silicon photomultiplier DSR Dual-sided readout

show abstract

Section: Sipm Topology and Principle Of Operationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physics and technology of time-of-flight PET detectors

Schaart

2021

Phys. Med. Biol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…And pulse energy values gotten in the system are not equal to the real energy of the original Gamma quanta due to non-linear SiPM response. The dependence of the output signal of the SiPM from the deposited energy's amount can be described with an exponential function [31]:…”

Section: Energy Calibration: Sipm Nonlinearity Correctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Advantages of Peak Picking Multi-Voltage Threshold Digitizer in Energy Determination in Radiation Measurement

Zhu¹,

Mei²,

Su³

et al. 2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Multi-voltage Threshold (MVT) method, which samples the signal by certain reference voltages, has been well developed as being adopted in pre-clinical and clinical digital positron emission tomography(PET) system. To improve its energy measurement performance, we propose a Peak Picking MVT(PP-MVT) Digitizer in this paper. Firstly, a sampled Peak Point(the highest point in pulse signal), which carries the values of amplitude feature voltage and amplitude arriving time, is added to traditional MVT with a simple peak sampling circuit. Secondly, an amplitude deviation statistical analysis, which compares the energy deviation of various reconstruction models, is used to select adaptive reconstruction models for signal pulses with different amplitudes. After processing 30,000 randomly-chosen pulses sampled by the oscilloscope with a 22 𝑁𝑎 point source, our method achieves an energy resolution of 17.50% within a 450-650 KeV energy window, which is 2.44% better than the result of traditional MVT with same thresholds; and we get a count number at 15225 in the same energy window while the result of MVT is at 14678. When the PP-MVT involves less thresholds than traditional MVT, the advantages of better energy resolution and larger count number can still be maintained, which shows the robustness and the flexibility of PP-MVT Digitizer. This improved method indicates that adding feature peak information could improve the performance on signal sampling and reconstruction, which canbe proved by the better performance in energy determination in radiation measurement.

show abstract

“…In the first part the geometry and the propagation of the scintillation photons through the fiber from the origin to the SiPM active area are simulated using Geant4. In the second part the time and space distribution of the photons on the SiPM active area is used by a program to reproduce the waveform according to [8] . Both the expected distributions of the number of photons at the end of the fiber and the simulated spectrum were obtained for 90Sr electrons crossing the fiber.…”

Section: Monte Carlo Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%