A monograph on recent and fossil Crinoidea : with figures and descriptions of some recent and fossil allied genera [Pt. 1-8] / by Thomas Austin and Thomas Austin, jun

Abstract

The DORSO-CENTRAL PLATE, (Pelvis of MUUr), PI. \. fig. 1. n, is convex externally, with the angles of the pentagon, which it forms, tm-ned upwards, so that its figure becomes somewhat circular when viewed in connection vdth the plates which it supports. Externally, in the centre, is a circular depression finely striated in radii, for the attachment of the column. A central perforation preserves the communication between the column and body of the animal. The Perisomic plates, (Scapuhe, Miller), PI. \.fig. 1. i, h, are five in number, which adhere to each other by theii* lateral edges. Their lower edges are somewhat orbicular, and their whole contour rounded, so that the perfect animal, instead of presenting a conspicuous pentagonal appearance, as stated by Miller, is only slightly of that figure. Abdoiniinal plates.-The integument which extended over the abdominal cavity was strengthened and protected by numerous smooth, chiefly hexagonal, plates, fi-om which proceeds the elongated proboscis, which is also covered-with smooth plates of similar form. Proboscis.-The figiu'es 1. and 2. e, /, j>, and q, PL 1. are liighly interesting, as bemg faithful representations of that singular organ, the proboscis or oral tube, and which has never been noticed by previous observers as appertaining to this species. In some PLATVCRINID.E. PLATYCRINITES. of single joints for a short distance above tlie points of bifurcation, which structure is succeeded by a double series of joints beautifully articulated into cacli other, the salient angles of one set enterhag into the retmng angles of the adjoining set. (Vide PI. 1.) By this arrangement the greatest possible flexibility, combmed with the requisite strength, PLATYCUINII).?;.

Stratigraphical and geographical distribution of Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous) Crinoidea from England and Wales

“…At the onset of the Carboniferous, a broad, mixed siliciclasticcarbonate ramp was present across southern England and By the Ivorian, the siliciclastic-carbonate ramp had extended farther into southern England and southern Ireland, and crinoid faunas flourished. These include the faunas described by Miller (1821) and Austin & Austin (1843a, 1843b-1847. Historically, these rocks have been referred to as the Black Rock Limestone, Magnesium Beds of the Mountain Limestone, and the Mountain Limestone.…”

The Use and Effects of Financial Penalties in Municipal Courts

“…Conviction for drunk driving was strongly associated with receiving this penalty, and among those cases, a prior record increased the severity of the fine. Additionally, a defendant's race, age, occupational status, and prior incarceration have been shown to influence the likelihood of a fine, although not always in the same or expected direction (Austin, 1985; Burke and Turk, 1975).…”

Notes on Lower Devonian crinoids in the collections of the British Geological Survey, Keyworth

“…Webster (2003) recorded the following nine nominal species of Hexacrinites from the Devonian of SW England (all Middle Devonian unless stated otherwise): H. aberrans (Whidborne, 1889), Devonian; H. depressus (Austin & Austin, 1845); H. interscapularis (Phillips, 1841); H. macrotatus (Austin & Austin, 1845); H. microglyphicus (Whidborne, 1889); H. ornatus Goldfuss, 1839; H. pentangularis (Austin & Austin, 1845); H. perarmatus (Whidborne, 1889); and H. vicarii (Whidborne, 1889). These species are (mainly) based on crown material from SW England (Whidborne 1895;Webster 2003), but the Hexacrinites column is well known (see, for example, relevant illustrations in Dubatolova 1964Dubatolova , 1971Stukalina 1988).…”