A molecular survey of acute febrile illnesses reveals Plasmodium vivax infections in Kedougou, southeastern Senegal

Niang, Makhtar; Thiam, Laty G.; Sow, Abdourahmane; Loucoubar, Cheikh; Bob, Ndeye Sakha; Diop, Fatou; Diouf, Babacar; Niass, Oumy; Mansourou, Annick; Varela, Marie Louise; Perraut, Ronald; Sall, Amadou Alpha; Touré-Baldé, Aïssatou

doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0808-y

Cited by 37 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Both P. ovale (n = 4) and P. malariae (n = 3) were identified from among the 288 RDT-negative samples (Table 1). Although previous reports [7] indicate P. vivax infections in this region, in this study population there were no samples positive for P. vivax. …”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 72%

“…Kédougou, in southeastern Sénégal, is a region that borders Mali and Guinea with relatively high transmission, as indicated by entomological inoculation rates (EIRs) of 100–200 [9, 10]. Recent reports have identified P. vivax malaria in Kédougou [7]. Although P. vivax was not observed in the population assessed in the current study, P. ovale wallikeri, P. ovale curtisi, and P. malariae were identified, none of which are tested for by the current RDT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, P. malariae is relatively under-reported in these regions [6]. Recently, multiple clinical cases of P. vivax infection were detected in Sénégal [7]. However, it remains unclear if the paucity of data describing other malaria species is due to a lack of inadequate diagnostics or a consequence of relative lack of transmission in these regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence of non-Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection in Kédougou, Sénégal

Daniels

Déme

Gomis

et al. 2017

Malar J

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BackgroundExpanded malaria control efforts in Sénégal have resulted in increased use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) to identify the primary disease-causing Plasmodium species, Plasmodium falciparum. However, the type of RDT utilized in Sénégal does not detect other malaria-causing species such as Plasmodium ovale spp., Plasmodium malariae, or Plasmodium vivax. Consequently, there is a lack of information about the frequency and types of malaria infections occurring in Sénégal. This study set out to better determine whether species other than P. falciparum were evident among patients evaluated for possible malaria infection in Kédougou, Sénégal.MethodsReal-time polymerase chain reaction speciation assays for P. vivax, P. ovale spp., and P. malariae were developed and validated by sequencing and DNA extracted from 475 Plasmodium falciparum-specific HRP2-based RDT collected between 2013 and 2014 from a facility-based sample of symptomatic patients from two health clinics in Kédougou, a hyper-endemic region in southeastern Sénégal, were analysed.Results Plasmodium malariae (n = 3) and P. ovale wallikeri (n = 2) were observed as co-infections with P. falciparum among patients with positive RDT results (n = 187), including one patient positive for all three species. Among 288 negative RDT samples, samples positive for P. falciparum (n = 24), P. ovale curtisi (n = 3), P. ovale wallikeri (n = 1), and P. malariae (n = 3) were identified, corresponding to a non-falciparum positivity rate of 2.5%.ConclusionsThese findings emphasize the limitations of the RDT used for malaria diagnosis and demonstrate that non-P. falciparum malaria infections occur in Sénégal. Current RDT used for routine clinical diagnosis do not necessarily provide an accurate reflection of malaria transmission in Kédougou, Sénégal, and more sensitive and specific methods are required for diagnosis and patient care, as well as surveillance and elimination activities. These findings have implications for other malaria endemic settings where species besides P. falciparum may be transmitted and overlooked by control or elimination activities.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1661-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 72%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence of non-Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection in Kédougou, Sénégal

Daniels

Déme

Gomis

et al. 2017

Malar J

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“…Nonetheless, the situation is particularly worrying in the Southeastern part of the country due to limited impact of applied preventive and control measures [2]. In Kedougou, a region situated in southeastern Senegal, malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum remains highly prevalent [2, 3], particularly during the transmission season that coincides with the rainy season from July to November. In 2014, the National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) reported 25.55% of malaria incidence of which 2.73% turned into severe disease [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio-temporal analysis of the genetic diversity and complexity of Plasmodium falciparum infections in Kedougou, southeastern Senegal

et al. 2017

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BackgroundGenetic analyses of the malaria parasite population and its temporal and spatial dynamics could provide an assessment of the effectiveness of disease control strategies. The genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum has been poorly documented in Senegal, and limited data are available from the Kedougou Region. This study examines the spatial and temporal variation of the genetic diversity and complexity of P. falciparum infections in acute febrile patients in Kedougou, southeastern Senegal. A total of 263 sera from patients presenting with acute febrile illness and attending Kedougou health facilities between July 2009 and July 2013 were obtained from a collection established as part of arbovirus surveillance in Kedougou. Samples identified as P. falciparum by nested PCR were characterized for their genetic diversity and complexity using msp-1 and msp-2 polymorphic markers.ResultsSamples containing only P. falciparum accounted for 60.83% (160/263) of the examined samples. All three msp-1 allelic families (K1, MAD20 and RO33) and two msp-2 allelic families (FC27 and 3D7) were detected in all villages investigated over the 5-year collection period. The average genotype per allelic family was comparable between villages. Frequencies of msp-1 and msp-2 allelic types showed no correlation with age (Fisher’s exact test, P = 0.59) or gender (Fisher’s exact test, P = 0.973), and were similarly distributed throughout the 5-year sampling period (Fisher’s exact test, P = 0.412) and across villages (Fisher’s exact test, P = 0.866). Mean multiplicity of infection (MOI) for both msp-1 and msp-2 was highest in Kedougou village (2.25 and 2.21, respectively) and among younger patients aged ≤ 15 years (2.12 and 2.00, respectively). The mean MOI was highest in 2009 and decreased progressively onward.ConclusionCharacterization of the genetic diversity and complexity of P. falciparum infections in Kedougou revealed no spatio-temporal variation in the genetic diversity of P. falciparum isolates. However, mean MOI varied with time of sera collection and decreased over the course of the study (July 2009 to July 2013). This suggests a slow progressive decrease of malaria transmission intensity in Kedougou Region despite the limited impact of preventive and control measures implemented by the National Malaria Control Programme on malaria morbidity and mortality.

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“…Hence, accurate diagnosis appears to be crucial for the successful treatment of malaria, and molecular approaches by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnostic assays have lately evolved, across the world, as the most sensitive method for this purpose in comparison to the traditional microscopy method [2][3][4][5][6]. In addition, Plasmodium vivax is now capable of not only infecting Africans, who are ordinarily recognized as resistant to malaria infection due to this parasite, but also of causing severe malaria [7]. In this respect, newer studies have reported that Duffy-negative native Cameroonians can also be infected by P. vivax [5,6].…”

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confidence: 99%