A molecular phylogeny of the Littorininae (Gastropoda: Littorinidae): unequal evolutionary rates, morphological parallelism, and biogeography of the Southern Ocean

Williams, Suzanne T.; Reid, David G.; Littlewood, D. Timothy J.

doi:10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00038-1

Cited by 154 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…Wilson et al (2009) even reduced this threshold to 5 % for well-supported sister pairs. Due to the fact that different groups of organisms, even within the same genus or family, can have different rates of molecular evolution (Hebert et al 2003;Williams et al 2003), and the use of general genetic thresholds to distinguish between species is difficult to apply. Therefore, we calculated a threshold based on our data.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First molecular phylogeny of the subfamily Polycerinae (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Polyceridae)

2013

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The subfamily Polycerinae includes four genera with around 46 species described to date. This subfamily is characterized by a limaciform body, which may have simple tentacular processes on the margin of the oral veil. Phylogenetic relationships between the genera of the subfamily Polycerinae (Polyceridae) have not yet been studied, and therefore, the only available information is based on morphological descriptions. The present study reports the first phylogenetic analysis of Polycerinae based on the mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase subunit I and the large ribosomal subunit (16S rRNA) using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Our results showed that Polycerinae is monophyletic, but the relationships within the subfamily as well as within Polycera remain unresolved. A key finding of this study is that there are clearly two sympatric species of Polycera present in South Africa: Polycera capensis Quoy and Gaimard, 1824 also found in Australia and an undescribed Polycera sp. On the other hand, the studied specimens of the genus Gymnodoris were clustered within Polycerinae, reopening the problem of the systematic position of this genus. Additional genes and species of Polycerinae and Gymnodoris would provide more information and probably fully resolve this situation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First molecular phylogeny of the subfamily Polycerinae (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Polyceridae)

2013

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“…Both species have been subjects of previous genetic investigations that showed considerable population genetic structuring (e.g. Day 1990, Kirby 2000, Williams et al 2003, Fernández et al 2005, often over very small spatial scales for N. lapillus . In contrast, several authors (see , Bell & Okamura 2005 have reported higher levels of gene flow between populations of N. lapillus than might be expected for a direct-developing species; this has been accounted for primarily by the rafting of juvenile snails.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Similarity in connectivity patterns for two gastropod species lacking pelagic larvae

Bell¹

2008

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Marine species have a wide range of reproductive strategies that are considered to influence genetic structuring and connectivity between populations. Generally, species without planktonic larvae have reduced dispersal and gene flow between populations compared to species with free-living pelagic larvae. Further divisions exist within non-planktonic species including those exhibiting viviparity and oviparity. Although dispersal potential and population connectivity patterns of these 2 reproductive modes are considered similar, there is little supporting evidence. I examined genetic structuring and gene flow between oviparous and viviparous gastropod populations separated at the same spatial scales (at the same sites). Population genetic structure (using microsatellite data) was compared between island -mainland, mainland -mainland and island -island populations for an egg-laying (Nucella lapillus: oviparous) and a brooding (Littorina saxatilis: ovoviviparous) gastropod species. N. lapillus generally had lower levels of genetic differentiation between populations (R ST ranged between 0.01 and 0.20; F ST ranged between 0.01 and 0.17) than L. saxatilis (R ST ranged between 0.02 and 0.21; F ST ranged between 0.02 and 0.19); these differences were small for all site comparisons. Significant correlations were found between genetic structuring and gene flow patterns for the 2 species, indicating similar dispersal routes and population connectivity patterns. This study shows that it may be possible to generalise connectivity patterns (i.e. dispersal routes) across species lacking pelagic larvae, which may be important for Marine Protected Area network planning.

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“…Echinolittorina meleagris B and E. pulchella are represented by 12S rRNA sequences alone, and E. vermeiji by one COI, one 28S, and two 12S sequences. All tissue samples and voucher specimens are deposited in the Natural History Museum, London.As outgroup taxa we used the four known species of Afrolittorina and three representatives of Littorina (Appendix); these are members of the sister clade of Echinolittorina (Williams et al 2003). Published sequences for 12S and 28S rRNA (Williams et al 2003) and new, longer COI sequences were used for a single individual from each outgroup taxon.…”

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confidence: 99%

Speciation and Diversity on Tropical Rocky Shores: A Global Phylogeny of Snails of the Genus Echinolittorina

2004

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Abstract.A phylogenetic approach to the origin and maintenance of species diversity ideally requires the sampling of all species within a clade, confirmation that they are evolutionarily distinct entities, and knowledge of their geographical distributions. In the marine tropics such studies have mostly been of fish and reef-associated organisms, usually with high dispersal. In contrast, snails of the genus Echinolittorina (Littorinidae) are restricted to rocky shores, have a four-week pelagic development (and recorded dispersal up to 1400 km), and show different evolutionary patterns. We present a complete molecular phylogeny of Echinolittorina, derived from Bayesian analysis of sequences from nuclear 28S rRNA and mitochondrial 12S rRNA and COI genes (nodal support indicated by posterior probabilities, maximum likelihood, and neighbor-joining bootstrap). This consists of 59 evolutionarily significant units (ESUs), including all 50 known taxonomic species. The 26 ESUs found in the Indo-West Pacific region form a single clade, whereas the eastern Pacific and Atlantic species are basal. The earliest fossil occurred in the Tethys during the middle Eocene and we suggest that the Indo-West Pacific clade has been isolated since closure of the Tethyan seaway in the early Miocene. The geographical distributions of all species (based on more than 3700 locality records) appear to be circumscribed by barriers of low temperature, unsuitable sedimentary habitat, stretches of open water exceeding about 1400 km, and differences in oceanographic conditions on the continuum between oceanic and continental. The geographical ranges of sister species show little or no overlap, indicating that the speciation mode is predominantly allopatric. Furthermore, range expansion following speciation appears to have been limited, because a high degree of allopatry is maintained through three to five branching points of the phylogeny. This may be explained by infrequent long-distance colonization, habitat specialization on the oceanic/continental gradient, and perhaps by interspecific competition. In the eastern Pacific plus Atlantic we identify five cases of divergence on either side of the Isthmus of Panama, but our estimates of their ages pre-date the emergence of the Isthmus. There are three examples of sister relationships between species in the western Atlantic and eastern Atlantic, all resulting from dispersal to the east. Within the Indo-West Pacific, we find no geographical pattern of speciation events; narrowly endemic species of recent origin are present in both peripheral and central parts of the region. Evidence from estimated divergence times of sister species, and from a plot of the number of lineages over time, suggest that there has been no acceleration of diversification during the glacio-eustatic cycles of the Plio-Pleistocene. In comparison with reefal organisms, species of Echinolittorina on rocky shores may be less susceptible to extinction or isolation during sea-level fluctuations. The species richness of Echinolittorina...

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A molecular phylogeny of the Littorininae (Gastropoda: Littorinidae): unequal evolutionary rates, morphological parallelism, and biogeography of the Southern Ocean

Cited by 154 publications

References 88 publications

First molecular phylogeny of the subfamily Polycerinae (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Polyceridae)

First molecular phylogeny of the subfamily Polycerinae (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Polyceridae)

Similarity in connectivity patterns for two gastropod species lacking pelagic larvae

Speciation and Diversity on Tropical Rocky Shores: A Global Phylogeny of Snails of the Genus Echinolittorina

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