A Molecular Cryptosystem for Images by DNA Computing

Abstract

Image encryption by immobilized DNA molecules on chips could offer significant advantages, which include vast parallelism, immense information density, high chemical stability, and energy efficiency. Several theoretical or computer simulated models for encryption and steganography of texts have been proposed on the basis of DNA molecules, [1][2][3][4] and a few DNA-based models relevant to alphanumeric information have been realized. [5][6][7][8][9][10] DNA methods were also proposed for commercial encryption of signatures [11,12] and for information storage. [13][14][15][16][17] In contrast, image encryption has received very little attention. [18,19] Although DNA computing procedures were employed in theoretical schemes, [20][21][22] no molecular encryption of images has been tested experimentally, and certainly not by methods that involve molecular computing.Herein, we report the use of parallel computing with molecular finite-state automata and fluorescently labeled DNA molecules for deciphering two different images. Both logos of the Technion and The Scripps Research Institute were encrypted on a single DNA chip. To decipher any of these images, a mixture of input molecules was processed by a molecular finite-state automaton, which led to image visualization by fluorescent, surface-bound output molecules. The huge diversity of potentially encrypted images that is offered by this strategy stems from current DNA microarray technology, with millions of printed pixels per chip, along with a plethora of possible input molecules and a variety of DNAbased automata.Our approach to meet the challenge of image encryption was based on our two-symbol-two-state finite automata [23][24][25][26][27] as a mathematical model for information retrieval by using DNA molecules (Figure 1 A). We prepared two input mole-cules In1 and In2 in the form of a linear double-stranded (ds)DNA (Figure 1 B) that contain a string of symbols, which are six base pairs (bp) each. In1 comprises the symbols ab, whereas In2 contains the string aa. Each symbol-string was followed by a six bp terminator segment (t) and a long singlestranded (ss)DNA tail (48-56 bases). This tail was designed to be uniquely complementary to one of the connecting molecules Con1 and Con2, to avoid self-hybridization, secondary structures, and cross-hybridization with incorrect connecting molecules. The connecting molecules, in the form of ssDNA, were intended to localize the output molecules on the microarray glass slide. Again, an important part of their design considered the need to prevent self-hybridization, secondary structures and cross-hybridization with incorrect molecules.The two-symbol-two-state automata were programmed by the choice of subsets from the complete library of eight transition molecules. Each such molecule, which represents a transition rule, is comprised of three parts: a recognition site for the type II endonuclease FokI, a four-base sticky end, and a spacer of between one and five bp between them (Figure 1 C). Automaton 1 (A1, Figure 1 A) includ...

The Biological Microprocessor, or How to Build a Computer With Biological Parts

“…State machines have been engineered with biomolecules [152] [153] [154] [40] [155] [156] [157] [158]. Hagiya et al built in 1997 the first state to state transition system by guiding DNA polymerase based DNA extension by a template strand with a transition rule sequence [152] [153].…”

Biomolecular Finite Automata

“…In 2011, a new molecular cryptosystem for images [43] based on two-symbol two-state finite automata [22,35,44,45] was demonstrated. The automata representing the software were programmed by the choice of several molecules from a library of eight TMs, representing eight transition rules.…”

“…Unlike the input consuming automata [22,35,43,44], which can only read the input, the transducer is a more advanced and powerful machine because it can read and write information. Explicitly, it gradually transforms the input tape into an output.…”

Reversible Data Hiding Based on DNA Computing

“…Chang et al employed DNA computing to achieve factoring integers and break RSA public encryption algorithm [6]. Shoshani et al proposed a molecular cryptosystem for images by DNA computing [7]. Babaei proposed a reliable data encryption algorithm, One-Time-Pad algorithm (OTP), which is theoretically unbreakable [8].…”