A modified series-parallel electrical resistivity model of saturated sand/clay mixture

Determining Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit of Clay Soils by Electrical Surface Conduction and Diffuse Double Layer Thickness

“…In Equation ( 1), V f w and V e s are the volumes of the free water and effective solid, respectively. These volumes are different from the total volume of water, V w , and volume of solid, V s , and can be expressed as follows [8,9,16]:…”

“…Liquid limit could vary in a wider range based on the properties of the clays. For example, bentonite clay possesses a surface area almost 40 times greater than that of kaolin clay [9,16]. As a result, filling the bentonite pores will require a greater amount of water.…”

“…Electrical conductivity (EC) of clay soil is strongly correlated with clay mineralogy, Atterberg limits, anisotropy, degree of saturation water content, cation exchange capacity, void ratio, etc. EC has been considered by geotechnical engineers to comprehensively characterise subsurface grounds (for example, electrical resistivity tomography) [16,[29][30][31]. Since the liquid limit and plastic limit of clay soils are unique and contain specific water contents, it is possible to implement an EC approach to determine those metrics.…”

“…Since the liquid limit and plastic limit of clay soils are unique and contain specific water contents, it is possible to implement an EC approach to determine those metrics. Several discussions already exist in the literature that aimed to establish the connection between EC and clay properties [8,9,16,30]. In the past, soil was considered to be an insulated material, and the EC measurements were dependent on the clay-water interaction within the suspension and pore water conduction only [32][33][34].…”

Effective crack-prevention strategy with composite of two clays of different sized particles

“…Ellis et al [52] modified an earlier model of Hashin and Shtrikman, [53] by proposing a geometric factor to incorporate the soil particle aspect ratio in the study of soil electrical conductivity. Hasan et al, [54] and Hasan et al, [55] reported the effect of clay mineralogy and its interaction with soil water in the study of electrical conductivity of aqueous clay mixtures by considering the clay particle along with its associated EDL as a single unit of effective clay particle. The aggregate stability of clays is reported to be dependent on the electrostatic repulsion between clay particles [33,47] estimated the electrostatic repulsion pressure between clay particles [56,57].…”