A modified case-control study of cryptosporidiosis (using non-<i>Cryptosporidium</i>-infected enteric cases as controls) in a community setting

Pintar, Katarina; Pollari, Frank; Waltner-Toews, David; Charron, Dominique; McEwen, Scott A.; Fazil, Aamir; Nesbitt, Andrea

doi:10.1017/s0950268809990197

Cited by 25 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The assessment of the final risk in the contamination of the water plants resulted considerably affected by the selection of treatment performance model (filtration and ozonation). Recently, data from a sentinel site (Waterloo Region, Ontario) of the C-EnterNet (Table 3) [153, 154] were used to assess exposure factors on laboratory-confirmed Cryptosporidium infections [155]. Of 1204 cases of enteric illness in the sentinel area between April 2005 and December 2007, 36 cases were selected after excluding outbreak and international travel-related cases.…”

Section: Cryptosporidiosis a “Waterborne Disease”mentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Distribution, Public Health and Clinical Impact of the Protozoan PathogenCryptosporidium

Putignani

Menichella

2010

Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases

185

159

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Cryptosporidium spp. are coccidians, oocysts-forming apicomplexan protozoa, which complete their life cycle both in humans and animals, through zoonotic and anthroponotic transmission, causing cryptosporidiosis. The global burden of this disease is still underascertained, due to a conundrum transmission modality, only partially unveiled, and on a plethora of detection systems still inadequate or only partially applied for worldwide surveillance. In children, cryptosporidiosis encumber is even less recorded and often misidentified due to physiological reasons such as early-age unpaired immunological response. Furthermore, malnutrition in underdeveloped countries or clinical underestimation of protozoan etiology in developed countries contribute to the underestimation of the worldwide burden. Principal key indicators of the parasite distribution were associated to environmental (e.g., geographic and temporal clusters, etc.) and host determinants of the infection (e.g., age, immunological status, travels, community behaviours). The distribution was geographically mapped to provide an updated picture of the global parasite ecosystems. The present paper aims to provide, by a critical analysis of existing literature, a link between observational epidemiological records and new insights on public health, and diagnostic and clinical impact of cryptosporidiosis.

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Section: Cryptosporidiosis a “Waterborne Disease”mentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Distribution, Public Health and Clinical Impact of the Protozoan PathogenCryptosporidium

Putignani

Menichella

2010

Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases

185

159

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“…Recreation in untreated rivers and lakes is a known cause of disease outbreaks [20], and studies of sporadic cryptosporidiosis have also identified freshwater swimming as a risk factor [21][22]. Recreational contact with local waters may have contributed to the increases in AGI we observed following heavy precipitation; however, the association was present only during the spring season when recreational contact is likely limited due to cold river water temperatures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Heavy precipitation, drinking water source, and acute gastrointestinal illness in Philadelphia, 2015-2017

et al. 2020

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Runoff from heavy precipitation events can lead to microbiological contamination of source waters for public drinking water supplies. Philadelphia is a city of interest for a study of waterborne acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) because of frequent heavy precipitation, extensive impervious landcover, and combined sewer systems that lead to overflows. We conducted a time-series analysis of the association between heavy precipitation and AGI incidence in Philadelphia, served by drinking water from Delaware River and Schuylkill River source waters. AGI cases on each day during the study period (2015-2017) were captured through syndromic surveillance of patients' chief complaint upon presentation at local emergency departments. Daily precipitation was represented by measurements at the Philadelphia International Airport and by modeled precipitation within the watershed boundaries, and we also evaluated stream flowrate as a proxy of precipitation. We estimated the association using distributed lag nonlinear models, assuming a quasi-Poisson distribution of the outcome variable and with adjustment for potential confounding by seasonal and long-term time trends, ambient temperature, day-of-week, and major holidays. We observed an association between heavy precipitation and AGI incidence in Philadelphia that was primarily limited to the spring season, with significant increases in AGI that peaked from 8 to 16 days following a heavy precipitation event. For example, the increase in AGI incidence related to airport precipitation above the 95 th percentile (vs no precipitation) during spring reached statistical significance on lag day 7, peaked on day 16 (102% increase, 95% confidence interval: 16%, 252%), and declined while remaining significantly elevated through day 28. Similar associations were observed in analyses of watershed-specific precipitation in relation to AGI cases within the populations served by drinking water from each river. Our results suggest that heavy precipitation events in Philadelphia result in detectable local increases in waterborne AGI.

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“…The human-to-human spread is particularly well described within families (often secondary cases after a primary outbreak infection) in childcare nurseries, nursing homes, and hospitals [42,177,178]. In addition, contact with production animals, mainly cattle, that are the main hosts of C. parvum can potentially infect humans [40,178,179].…”

Section: Maintenance Of Cryptosporidium In Nature and Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

State of the Art and Future Directions ofCryptosporidiumspp.

Santos¹,

Rebello²,

Bomfim³

2020

Parasitology and Microbiology Research

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Cryptosporidium species are protozoan parasites that infect epithelium surfaces in gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts of humans and a range of animals worldwide. Cryptosporidiosis has been associated with considerable morbidity and, under certain circumstances, mortality. Humans can acquire it by consuming food and drink containing oocysts, which have been recognised as a major cause for diarrhoeal disease. The ubiquitousness of the infective oocyst, its resilience to environmental pressures, and the low dose of oocyst exposure needed for infection amplify to outbreaks of Cryptosporidium traced to drinking and recreational water. Unlike in developing countries where lack of sustained access to safe water creates tremendous burdens of Cryptosporidium diarrhoea, this scenario is aggravated due to limited diagnosis and therapeutics. However, over the past few decades, growing information on Cryptosporidium genomes have allowed novel insight into the hostparasite relationship. Future field research on potential tools will focus on biologyderived parasite products applicable to drugs and diagnosis. This chapter reviews available data on biology, transmission, life cycle, diagnosis, genome, and a few but important progresses in the field of cryptosporidiosis.

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A modified case-control study of cryptosporidiosis (using non-Cryptosporidium-infected enteric cases as controls) in a community setting

Cited by 25 publications

References 29 publications

Global Distribution, Public Health and Clinical Impact of the Protozoan PathogenCryptosporidium

Global Distribution, Public Health and Clinical Impact of the Protozoan PathogenCryptosporidium

Heavy precipitation, drinking water source, and acute gastrointestinal illness in Philadelphia, 2015-2017

State of the Art and Future Directions ofCryptosporidiumspp.

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