A Modified Bait for Oral Delivery of Biological Agents to Raccoons and Feral Swine

Kavanaugh, Darrell M.; Linhart, Samuel B.

doi:10.7589/0090-3558-36.1.86

Cited by 21 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Additional repellents against nontarget animals, such as putrescent whole egg solids or naphthalene-based products, also should be evaluated. The use of generic grain-based baits with an overcoat of species-specific attractant also has been suggested as a plausible means of orally delivering pharmaceuticals to feral swine (Kavanaugh and Linhart, 2000). This approach would require such attractants to be identified, and it highlights an additional area of needed research.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Removal rates (standardized for visitation, following Kavanaugh and Linhart, 2000) were compared among the four treatments in species with $30 cumulative visits by using the chi-square statistic with Yates correction (Alder and Roessler, 1977). For trial 2, we considered the number of baits removed by feral swine versus the total removed for each replicate as the response variable.…”

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the United States, investigations involving feral swine oral delivery systems (or baits) have been limited to three studies; two of these studies were conducted on Ossabaw Island, Georgia (Fletcher et al, 1990;Kavanaugh and Linhart, 2000), and one study was conducted in southern Texas . These studies found high removal, high consumption rates, or both of baits made up of or flavored with fish or corn products by feral swine and nontarget animals, such as raccoons (Procyon lotor).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Species-Specific Visitation and Removal of Baits for Delivery of Pharmaceuticals to Feral Swine

Campbell

Long

2007

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Within the domestic swine industry there is growing trepidation about the role feral swine (Sus scrofa) play in the maintenance and transmission of important swine diseases. Innovative disease management tools for feral swine are needed. We used field trials conducted in southern Texas from February to March 2006 to compare species-specific visitation and removal rates of fish-flavored and vegetable-flavored baits with and without commercially available raccoon (Procyon lotor) repellent (trial 1) and removal rates of baits deployed in a systematic and cluster arrangement (trial 2). During trial 1, 1) cumulative bait removal rates after four nights ranged from 93% to 98%; 2) bait removal rates by feral swine, raccoons, and collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu) did not differ by treatment; and 3) coyotes (Canis latrans) removed more fish-flavored baits without raccoon repellent and white-tailed deer removed more vegetable-flavored baits without raccoon repellent than expected. During trial 2, feral swine removed fish-flavored baits distributed in a cluster arrangement (eight baits within 5 m 2 ) at a rate greater than expected. Our observed bait removal rates illustrate bait attractiveness to feral swine. However, the diverse assemblage of omnivores in the United States compared with Australia where the baits were manufactured adds complexity to the development of a feral swine-specific baiting system for pharmaceutical delivery.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Species-Specific Visitation and Removal of Baits for Delivery of Pharmaceuticals to Feral Swine

Campbell

Long

2007

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…Unlike fish meal polymer baits, polymer baits made of dog food meal had little apparent odor and as originally envisioned (Kavanaugh and Linhart, 2000), they were surface-coated with various candidate and proprietary attractants aimed at enhancing discovery and ingestion by target species. Attractants were applied by mixing, dissolving, or suspending them, usually at a 5:95% attractant/wax concentration, in melted wax and then dipping the dog food polymer baits into the melted mixture.…”

Section: Bait Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Flavor-Coated Sachet Bait for Delivering Oral Rabies Vaccine to Raccoons and Coyotes

Linhart

Wlodkowski²,

Kavanaugh

et al. 2002

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Research was conducted during 1996-2000 to develop baits for delivering an oral rabies vaccine to raccoons (Procyon lotor) and coyotes (Canis latrans). A bait was sought that: (1) was attractive to the target species, (2) could be distributed by aircraft, (3) was as effective (or more so) than the currently used fish meal polymer bait, and (4) could be produced in large numbers by automated procedures and could be purchased by user groups at substantially lower cost.Ten field trials were conducted to document raccoons' bait flavor preferences, evaluate a new vaccine sachet bait coated with various attractants, and determine if the sachet bait would effectively deliver Raboral V-RG oral rabies vaccine (Merial Limited, Athens, Georgia, USA) to this species. Raccoons preferred fish and crustacean-based flavors over those derived from plant materials. Raccoon visits to tracking stations, frequency of bait removals, and percent of sachets discarded by this species that were emptied of placebo vaccine indicated efficacy of the new bait was equal or superior to the currently used fish meal polymer bait. A field trial conducted in fall 1998 compared aerially distributed vaccine-laden sachet and polymer baits and showed there was no difference between the percent of raccoons from the test and reference areas subsequently found positive for rabies antibody.Four bait trials to determine coyote response to sachet baits were conducted in 1997-98. The propensity for canids to gulp or bolt smaller food items is well known. Thus, a first trial involved offering fish-flavored sachet baits of different sizes to 30 captive coyotes to determine if smaller size baits were more frequently swallowed intact. Two field trials were also conducted in fall 1997 to determine if free-ranging coyotes discriminated among sachet baits coated with different attractants. Finally, Raboral V-RG-laden poultry-flavored sachet baits were aerially dropped and the percent of seropositive coyotes was compared with coyotes from surrounding areas where fish meal polymer vaccine baits had been distributed.Captive coyotes did not swallow sachet baits intact, regardless of size. Bait preference field trials indicated that coyotes preferred poultry, cheese/beef tallow, and fish-flavored sachet baits and that such baits were taken at the same rate as polymer baits. A sample of coyotes from the area baited with vaccine-laden sachet baits had a markedly higher (P ϭ 0.01) seropositivity rate than coyotes from areas where vaccine was distributed in polymer baits.Sachet bait production could be facilitated by automated technology and sachet baits used either as an alternative vaccine delivery device or in combination with the fish meal polymer bait.

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“…yet, conflicting outcomes exist across published results. Some studies have found that Raccoons do not exhibit a preferential response to certain attractants (i.e., scents or bait; nottingham et al 1989;Kavanaugh and Linhart 2000), while others report that Raccoons respond frequently to specific food scents and bait, such as fruit (campbell and Long 2008) or fish (campbell and Long 2007). These latter studies suggest that perhaps the food scent we employed (crayfish oil) was not preferentially attractive enough.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lack of Response to Olfactory Lures Among Mammals in Riparian Habitat in Southern Wisconsin

Jacques¹,

Kapfer²,

Eshelman³

2016

Can Field Nat

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Non-invasive mammal surveys often employ olfactory stimuli on the assumption that they will attract mammals and increase the success of monitoring projects. However, information on the effectiveness of scent lures is variable and often relies on data generated from mammal tracks or sign, which can be challenging to quantify. Therefore, we sought to determine whether certain olfactory stimuli are more effective than others at eliciting a response from mammals along riparian corridors in Southern Wisconsin, using camera traps to monitor response to four scents and a control of de-ionized water. We recorded the number of times each species responded as well as the length of time spent investigating scents (Muskrat gland, mink gland, Red fox urine, crayfish oil) and the control. We recorded 2812 passes by 16 mammal species during our 12-month study, with Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana), Woodchuck (Marmota monax), Eastern Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), Eastern Fox Squirrel (Sciurus niger), Raccoon (Procyon lotor), Coyote (Canis latrans), and White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)observed on cameras most frequently. However, 72% of observations involved mammals passing through without investigating any scents or the control, and among the 28% of observations where mammals did investigate, we found no significant differences in their response to specific scents or the control or in response by season. Further analysis revealed no significant differences in the time mammals spent investigating individual scents or the control. The lack of response suggests that factors other than scent may have attracted wildlife to our stations. Although under some circumstances olfactory attractants may increase the level of response to monitoring stations, we suggest that attraction to our stations was largely a behavioural response to novel stimuli in the environment.

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A Modified Bait for Oral Delivery of Biological Agents to Raccoons and Feral Swine

Cited by 21 publications

References 15 publications

Species-Specific Visitation and Removal of Baits for Delivery of Pharmaceuticals to Feral Swine

Species-Specific Visitation and Removal of Baits for Delivery of Pharmaceuticals to Feral Swine

A New Flavor-Coated Sachet Bait for Delivering Oral Rabies Vaccine to Raccoons and Coyotes

Lack of Response to Olfactory Lures Among Mammals in Riparian Habitat in Southern Wisconsin

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