A modification of the jump-flinch technique for measuring pain sensitivity in rats

Bonnet, Kenneth A.; Peterson, Karen E.

doi:10.1016/0091-3057(75)90079-9

Cited by 58 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The intensity at which a flinch, an audible vocalization, or a jump first appeared was recorded. The test session was terminated after all three behavioral responses were observed in each animal (Bonnet and Peterson, 1975; Barrot et al, 2002; Bolaños et al, 2003b). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase-2 within the Ventral Tegmental Area Regulates Responses to Stress

Iñiguez

Vialou²,

Warren³

et al. 2010

J. Neurosci.

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Neurotrophic factors and their signaling pathways have been implicated in the neurobiological adaptations in response to stress and the regulation of mood-related behaviors. A candidate signaling molecule implicated in mediating these cellular responses is the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), although its functional role in mood regulation remains to be fully elucidated. Here we show that acute (1 d) or chronic (4 weeks) exposure to unpredictable stress increases phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and of two downstream targets (ribosomal S6 kinase and mitogen-and stress-activated protein kinase 1) within the ventral tegmental area (VTA), an important substrate for motivated behavior and mood regulation. Using herpes simplex virus-mediated gene transfer to assess the functional significance of this ERK induction, we show that overexpressing ERK2 within the VTA increases susceptibility to stress as measured in the forced swim test, responses to unconditioned nociceptive stimuli, and elevated plus maze in Sprague Dawley male rats, and in the tail suspension test and chronic social defeat stress procedure in C57BL/6 male mice. In contrast, blocking ERK2 activity in the VTA produces stress-resistant behavioral responses in these same assays and also blocks a chronic stress-induced reduction in sucrose preference. The effects induced by ERK2 blockade were accompanied by decreases in the firing frequency of VTA dopamine neurons, an important electrophysiological hallmark of resilient-like behavior. Together, these results strongly implicate a role for ERK2 signaling in the VTA as a key modulator of responsiveness to stress and mood-related behaviors.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase-2 within the Ventral Tegmental Area Regulates Responses to Stress

Iñiguez

Vialou²,

Warren³

et al. 2010

J. Neurosci.

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show abstract

“…For instance, the tail flick, hind paw withdrawal and jump-flinch are all responses to noxious stimuli that may be sensitized after formalin injection, high-intensity light beams, hot plates or after spinal nerve ligation surgery (e.g. Juszkiewicz-Donsbach and Levy, 1962; Bonnet and Peterson, 1975; Pitcher et al ., 1999; Kim et al ., 2014; reviewed by Bannon, 2001; Bannon and Malmberg, 2007; Gregory et al ., 2013). These responses are quantified by assessing either the latency to respond to the noxious stimulus or the intensity of the stimulus causing a response (the threshold response).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of von Frey filaments to assess nociceptive sensitization in the hornworm, Manduca sexta

McMackin

Lewin

Tabuena

et al. 2016

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

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Background The hornworm Manduca sexta exhibits a defensive strike to noxious assaults, a response that is robust and is easily observed by experimenters. Von Frey filaments and methods typical for studying nociception in other animals were used to assess the strike response in M. sexta. New Methods A series of von Frey filaments was applied to the body wall in ascending order and the data generated were used to determine the strike threshold by (i) the up-and-down method, (ii) the first response method, and (iii) the simplified up-and-down order method (SUDO). The effect of a noxious pinch on strike threshold was assessed. Comparison with existing methods To our knowledge none of these methods has been used on M. sexta previously, making the use of the up-and-down and SUDO methods the first in an invertebrate. The use of the first response method has been used in other invertebrates, and the method appears equally suited to M. sexta. Results All three methods were successful in monitoring the threshold sensitivity to touch, which was lowered (sensitized) by tissue damage induced with a pinch. Sensitization lasted 19 h. Conclusions All three methods of assessing nociception were successfully applied to quantify the defensive strike response in M. sexta, although the SUDO method required empirical assessment of which filament to start the test sequence with. The results revealed both short- and long-term sensitization. These methods should prove to be useful for quantifying sensitization in M. sexta.

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“…Behavioral parameters were locomotor activity, general overt behavior, righting reflexes, and the ability of the animal to cling to and climb a wire grid. Analgesia was assessed by the tail-immersion test of Sewell and Spencer (1976) and a modification of the jump-flinch test of Bonnet and Peterson (1975).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the jump-flinch test (Bonnet & Peterson, 1975), the rat was placed in a modified Skinner box (Gerbrand Co.) with the bar and feeder removed. This was housed inside an observation chamber (Lehigh Valley Products Co.).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…off the grid floor. This method of scoring was used because it had been found, both in pilot observations and in testing of surgically untreated laboratory controls, that, in this strain of rats, the flinch was not reliably obtained; also, the oscillation and tetanic movements observed by Bonnet and Peterson (1975) were not observed at all, but were replaced by running. Furthermore, a proportionally reasonable increase in current always elicited a sudden "jump" in excess of2 in.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stimulation-produced analgesia and suppression of behavior in the rat

Thomas

1984

Psychobiology

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A modification of the jump-flinch technique for measuring pain sensitivity in rats

Cited by 58 publications

References 12 publications

Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase-2 within the Ventral Tegmental Area Regulates Responses to Stress

Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase-2 within the Ventral Tegmental Area Regulates Responses to Stress

Use of von Frey filaments to assess nociceptive sensitization in the hornworm, Manduca sexta

Stimulation-produced analgesia and suppression of behavior in the rat

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