“…Complex engineering systems are characterised by having a large number of dimensions, non-linear models, strong interactions, unknown or inherently random plant parameters and time delays in the dynamical structure (Jamshidi, 1996; Eusgeld et al , 2011). Many modern engineering projects are large complex engineering systems within dynamic environments, which usually comprise a large number of interacting sub-systems for components, processes, activities, stakeholders, resources and information (Abdoli and Kara, 2020; Zhu and Mostafavi, 2017). As shown in Table 1, these complex engineering systems can be divided into four levels based on the unified classification from Uniclass, namely, the system-of-systems, system, sub-system and asset levels (Pimmler and Eppinger, 1994; Senthilkumar and Varghese, 2009; Chou and Tseng, 2010; Eusgeld et al , 2011; Delany, 2019).…”