A modeling study of the effects of river runoff, tides, and surface wind-wave mixing on the Eastern and Western Hainan upwelling systems of the South China Sea, China

Wang, Daoru; Yang, Yi; Wang, Jia; Bai, Xuezhi

doi:10.1007/s10236-015-0857-3

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The upwelling system around the eastern coast of Hainan Island is one of the strongest in the SCS (Guo et al, 1998), and because of the considerable impacts on the local ecosystem (Chia et al, 2001, Song et al, 2012, its dynamics and variability have gained increased attention. The strong upwelling around the eastern coast of Hainan Island occurs predominantly during the months of June to August due to the steady and strong southerly wind (Guo et al, 1998;Jing et al, 2009Jing et al, , 2011Wang et al, 2015;Zeng et al, 2014). Both wind-driven Ekman transport and Ekman pumping were suggested to be the primary mechanisms for the upwelling (Guo et al, 1998;Jing et al, 2009Jing et al, , 2011.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tidal Effects on the Surface Water Cooling Northeast of Hainan Island, South China Sea

Curchitser

Wang

et al. 2020

JGR Oceans

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Using a 3-D high-resolution ocean model, this paper explores the mechanisms that cause surface and subsurface water cooling northeast of Hainan Island during summer. Results show that two cooling centers in the regions east of Wenchang city and east of the Qiongzhou Strait occur when tides are included in the model. The cooling is primarily caused by large-scale changes in the circulation in the northwestern South China Sea (SCS) through anomalous horizontal pressure gradients caused by inhomogeneous tidal mixing between the near-shore and offshore regions. East of Wenchang city, the offshore tidal currents induce upwelling that brings the near-bottom cold water to the subsurface. For the region east of the Qiongzhou Strait, the tidally induced westward anomalous currents suppress the warm water transport from Qiongzhou Strait, resulting in a compensating intrusion of cold water from surrounding regions. In addition to the large-scale circulation changes, the local tidal mixing also contributes to the subsurface water cooling east of the Qiongzhou Strait by mixing near-bottom cold water with subsurface waters. Interannually, the cooling weakens or intensifies during different (cold or warm) phases of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. This is attributed to variability in surface forcings and large-scale circulation associated with different phases of ENSO leading to changes in stratification, which changes the tidally induced horizontal pressure gradient in the northwestern SCS. Plain Language Summary The surface water cooling around the eastern and northern coast of Hainan Island is one of the strongest in the South China Sea (SCS). During summer, strong surface water cooling occurs northeast of the island, which is associated with tidal effects. Variable tidal mixing between the coastal region and the open ocean changes the pressure gradient, which results in significant changes in the circulation in the northwestern SCS leading to cooling of the surface waters. On the interannual scale, the sea water cooling induced by tides northeast of Hainan Island weakens (enhances) during the cold (warm) phases of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tidal Effects on the Surface Water Cooling Northeast of Hainan Island, South China Sea

Curchitser

Wang

et al. 2020

JGR Oceans

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“…In contrast, only a few studies have paid attention on the upwelling west and southwest off the Hainan Island (hereafter denoted as UWHI and USWHI, respectively) in the southeastern part of Beibu Gulf (Lü et al, ; Zhang et al, ; Wang et al, ). The sea surface temperature (SST) in the Beibu Gulf shows large seasonal and spatial variability: In summer, the shallower area in the north of the Beibu Gulf is generally warmer than the deeper area in the south because of bathymetric effect under solar radiation (Su & Yuan, ) and the upwelled cold water can appear in the west off the Hainan Island (Chai et al, ; Li, ); in winter, SST is high in the deep water and low near the coast due to surface cooling and bathymetric effect (Xie et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The wind-driven Ekman transport and Ekman pumping were suggested to be the main mechanism of the upwelling east off the Hainan Island (Guo et al, 1998;Jing et al, 2009Jing et al, , 2011Zeng et al, 2014). Moreover, the intensity of the upwelling east off the Hainan Island may vary interannually due to the variation of East Asia Summer Monsoon (Wang et al, 2006) or large-scale circulations (Li et al, 2012;Su et al, 2013 In contrast, only a few studies have paid attention on the upwelling west and southwest off the Hainan Island (hereafter denoted as UWHI and USWHI, respectively) in the southeastern part of Beibu Gulf (Lü et al, 2008;Zhang et al, 2010;Wang et al, 2016). The sea surface temperature (SST) in the Beibu Gulf shows large seasonal and spatial variability: In summer, the shallower area in the north of the Beibu Gulf is generally warmer than the deeper area in the south because of bathymetric effect under solar radiation (Su & Yuan, 2005) and the upwelled cold water can appear in the west off the Hainan Island (Chai et al, 2001;Li, 1990); in winter, SST is high in the deep water and low near the coast due to surface cooling and bathymetric effect (Xie et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Mechanism of the Generation and Interannual Variations of the Summer Upwellings West and Southwest Off the Hainan Island

Peng

Wang

et al. 2018

JGR Oceans

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The generation and interannual variations of the upwellings west and southwest off the Hainan Island (hereafter denoted as UWHI and USWHI, respectively) detected from satellite‐derived sea surface temperature as well as the mechanism behind them are investigated using a 3‐D high‐resolution ocean model with a set of sensitivity experiments. The model is able to reproduce the upwellings with significant variations in the seasonal and interannual time scales. Results of sensitivity experiments show that the joint effect of tidal mixing and stratification is the main cause of the generation of both UWHI and USWHI in summer, and the offshore pattern of the upwelling centers is closely associated with that of high mixing rate centers where currents interact with steep bathymetry. In addition, the circulation changes induced by the joint effect of tidal mixing and stratification have significant impacts on the upwellings, especially on USWHI. For the interannual variations of both UWHI and USWHI, the changes of the along‐shore winds, the tidal mixing, and the boundary currents are the main causes of the variations; the weak tidal mixing, enhanced along‐shore winds, and strong boundary currents result in the weakest upwellings there in 1998, with the enhanced along‐shore wind being the largest contributor.

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“…The second paper on the SCS (Wang et al 2015a) used the FVCOM to study upwelling systems during the summer monsoon season. The model results revealed the impacts of tidal mixing, surface wind-wave mixing, and river runoff.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…(2) Four papers addressed observations and modeling of semi-enclosed seas and bays along the western coasts of the Pacific Ocean, such as the South China Sea and the Tokyo Bay Lu et al 2015;Sun et al 2015;Wang et al 2015a). …”

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Editorial—The 6th International Workshop on Modeling the Ocean (IWMO 2014)

et al. 2016

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for information on the past meetings and future planned meetings.Halifax is the largest city on the east coast of Canada, an international seaport and the center of maritime and marine science. Located between the Atlantic Ocean on the east and the Bay of Fundy on the southwest (where the highest tide in the world is found), Halifax nicely symbolizes the spirit of IWMO of innovative ocean modeling research that addresses both large-scale open ocean circulation and small-scale coastal processes.More than 80 researchers from 15 countries attended the workshop, which included about 65 oral presentations and 15 posters. The oral and poster presentations covered a wide range of ocean modeling and analysis issues and different geographical locations from the South China Sea and Tokyo Bay to the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. Continuing the tradition of IWMO in encouraging the participation of young scientists, about 20 graduate students and postdocs participated in the competition for the Outstanding Young Scientist Award.The collection of 13 papers in this Special Issue underwent the same rigorous review process as regular papers of Ocean Dynamics. The reviews were solicited from both the workshop attendees and the scientific community at large. The papers in this issue mainly focus on four major geographic regions:(1) Five papers addressed modeling of ocean surface gravity waves, sea ice, tides, and storm surges along the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, near Canadian coasts in the vicinity of the location of the meeting (Guo and Sheng 2015;Prasad et al. 2015;Rao et al. 2016; Xu 2015a, b). (2) Four papers addressed observations and modeling of semi-enclosed seas and bays along the western coasts of the Pacific Ocean, such as the South China Sea and the Tokyo Bay Lu et al. 2015;Sun et al. 2015;Wang et al. 2015a).

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A modeling study of the effects of river runoff, tides, and surface wind-wave mixing on the Eastern and Western Hainan upwelling systems of the South China Sea, China

Cited by 22 publications

References 33 publications

Tidal Effects on the Surface Water Cooling Northeast of Hainan Island, South China Sea

Tidal Effects on the Surface Water Cooling Northeast of Hainan Island, South China Sea

On the Mechanism of the Generation and Interannual Variations of the Summer Upwellings West and Southwest Off the Hainan Island

Editorial—The 6th International Workshop on Modeling the Ocean (IWMO 2014)

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