A Model to Study Differences between Primary and Secondary Degeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Rats by Partial Optic Nerve Transection

Levkovitch-Verbin, Hani; Quigley, Harry A.; Martin, Keith R; Zack, Donald J.; Pease, Mary Ellen; Valenta, Danielle

doi:10.1167/iovs.02-0646

Cited by 177 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Today, we know that after injuries like optic nerve transection, directly injured RGCs are rapidly lost, and so far there are no treatments that can prevent this process. However, the secondary loss of RGCs whose axons were not directly damaged is considerable, 57 and the neuroprotective effect of ES is significant in preventing this secondary apoptosis. The suggested mechanisms that are believed to underlie the effects of TES are summarized and presented in Figure 2.…”

Section: Possible Mechanisms Underlying the Effects Of Esmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical Stimulation as a Means for Improving Vision

Sehic

Guo

Cho

et al. 2016

The American Journal of Pathology

134

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Evolving research has provided evidence that noninvasive electrical stimulation (ES) of the eye may be a promising therapy for either preserving or restoring vision in several retinal and optic nerve diseases. In this review, we focus on minimally invasive strategies for the delivery of ES and accordingly summarize the current literature on transcorneal, transorbital, and transpalpebral ES in both animal experiments and clinical studies. Various mechanisms are believed to underlie the effects of ES, including increased production of neurotrophic agents, improved chorioretinal blood circulation, and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines. Different animal models have demonstrated favorable effects of ES on both the retina and the optic nerve. Promising effects of ES have also been demonstrated in clinical studies; however, all current studies have a lack of randomization and/or a control group (sham). There is thus a pressing need for a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms that govern clinical success and optimization of stimulation parameters in animal studies. In addition, such research should be followed by large, prospective, clinical studies to explore the full potential of ES. Through this review, we aim to provide insight to guide future research on ES as a potential therapy for improving vision. (Am J Pathol 2016 http://dx

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Section: Possible Mechanisms Underlying the Effects Of Esmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical Stimulation as a Means for Improving Vision

Sehic

Guo

Cho

et al. 2016

The American Journal of Pathology

134

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Two known models for secondary degeneration in the optic nerve were developed by Schwartz et al 57 and by our group. 58,59 Partial crush injury of the rat optic nerve Yoles and Schwartz 57 developed the first model of secondary degeneration in the optic nerve. A crush injury is inflicted on the orbital optic nerve 2 mm behind the globe using calibrated cross-action forceps that can inflict different levels of severity of lesions by varying the number of screw revolutions attached to the forceps.…”

Section: Experimental Models For Secondary Degenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…58,59 In this model, the upper third of the intraorbital nerve is transected, causing initially primary degeneration of the upper optic nerve and the corresponding RGC in the upper retina. The basis for this model is the known topographic separation of RGC in the primate and rodent retina.…”

Section: Partial Transection Model For Secondary Degenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the expense of using monkeys precludes large-scale testing of treatments for secondary degeneration, we developed a similar model in the optic nerve of rats. 59 The technical difficulty of reliably cutting the same portion of the superior nerve was overcome through specially designed instrumentation. With a rodent model, large numbers of animals can be studied to allow careful delineation of the nature of secondary degeneration after the death of neighbouring neurons.…”

Section: Partial Transection Model For Secondary Degenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Animal models of optic nerve diseases

Levkovitch-Verbin

2004

Eye

113

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“…There were specific instances of deep disruption of the myelin sheath and separation of myelin fragments, which were free in the cytoplasm or neurolemmocyte's axoplasme. Some authors interpret these changes as mesaxonotomy in conditions of impaired energy and protein metabolism [9][10][11]. Metabolic destroys appeared in this neurolemocyte.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrastructure Features of Damage to the Cranial Part of the Optic Nerve at Traumatic Short-Time Compression of its Orbital Unit in the Experiment

M¹

2016

AOVS

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The role of compression factors on the formation of secondary degenerative factors and anti-and retrograde parts of the optic nerve in traumatic injuries has not been fully studied.Purpose: Was to clarify ultrastructure features of the optic nerve cranial part damage at traumatic short-time compression of its orbital part in the experiment. Methods:The simulation of traumatic injury of the optic nerve was performed on 11 rabbits weighing 3.5-4.0 kg. The control group included 12 healthy rabbits. Morphometric examination of the cranial part of the optic nerve in both eyes of injured (on the 14-th day after injury) and control animals were used.Results: Periaxonal degeneration of the optic nerve cranial part was researched. Degeneration was manifested by violation of axon's flow of axial cylinders that arose as a result of the myelin sheath swelling. Conclusion:Thus, structural changes of the cranial part of the optic nerve were confirmed with light-ultrastructure studies and morphometric data. These changes come up with the damage of nerve hemodynamic and may serve as a basis for further studies of the pathogenesis and development of strategy of traumatic optic neuropathy treatment in the experiment.

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A Model to Study Differences between Primary and Secondary Degeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Rats by Partial Optic Nerve Transection

Cited by 177 publications

References 19 publications

Electrical Stimulation as a Means for Improving Vision

Electrical Stimulation as a Means for Improving Vision

Animal models of optic nerve diseases

Ultrastructure Features of Damage to the Cranial Part of the Optic Nerve at Traumatic Short-Time Compression of its Orbital Unit in the Experiment

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