“…In media use literature, "user engagement" has been coined to describe all types of user attention and involvement with media, such as awareness, interest, exposure, attentiveness, loyalty, appreciation, emotion, recall, attitude, and behavior (Napoli, 2011). In response to the emergent forms of media use on the digital media platforms, "social media engagement" has been developed to grasp the various forms of user participation on Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube (Khan, 2017;McCay-Peet and Quan-Haase, 2016). As opposed to habitual media use, news engagement entails more cognitive, motivational, and normative components (Livingstone and Markham, 2008).…”