A model of public support for First Amendment rights

Who Wants to Censor Pornography and Hate Speech?

“…Bird (1997), however, found no significant gender differences in willingness to censor hate speech, while D. M. McLeod, Eveland, and Nathanson (1997) detected no differences in endorsement of censorship of violent and misogynic rap lyrics. And for more generalized expressive rights, Andsanger andMiller (1994) andJ. M. McLeod, Sotirovic, Voakes, Guo, andHuang (1998) reported no differences between men and women in mean levels of support.…”

“…And for more generalized expressive rights, Andsanger andMiller (1994) andJ. M. McLeod, Sotirovic, Voakes, Guo, andHuang (1998) reported no differences between men and women in mean levels of support.…”

“…For example, conservatives were more willing to censor violent and misogynist rap lyrics (McLeod et al, 1997) and pornography (Rojas et al, 1996). Conservatives have also expressed opinions less supportive of free expression generally (Andsanger, 1995;J. M. McLeod et al, 1998;Paulson, 1999;Rojas et al, 1996;Wilson, 1975).…”

Assessment of Outcomes of Free Expression Courses

“…Those who have more education should, presumably, be more aware of the bases for free speech and how restrictions upon that right would set precedents for further encroachment of individual rights. Cognitive variables are strongly, and positively related to support for freedom of expression (Andsager, 1993;Bob0 & Licari, 1989;McLeod, Sotirovic, Guo, & Huang, 1997).…”

Steven Chaffee and the Future of Political Communication Research

“…Any evidence for selectivity in media is credited as a reinforcement effect. Published research reveals large discrepancies between conceptual and operational definitions: for example, cognitive complexity as measured by number of words used by the subject and principled reasoning as measured by cross-issue consistency-an operational definition previously used as an indicator of "ideology" (Converse, 1964)-rather than measured more directly from open-ended respondent protocols (McLeod, Sotirovic, Voakes, Guo, & Huang, 1998).…”