A Model of Marine Aerosol Generation Via Whitecaps and Wave Disruption

Monahan, Edward C.; Spiel, Donald E.; Davidson, Kenneth L.

doi:10.1007/978-94-009-4668-2_16

Cited by 741 publications

(848 citation statements)

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“…In short, a simple relation cannot describe the net balance of water vapor release and the actual droplet radii. In SeaCluse, all droplets are generated as bubble-mediated jet droplets, while it is clear that the largest droplets are directly "torn" from the wave crests [Monahan et al, 1986]. This process has not been introduced yet because the initial dynamics of these spume drops are still unknown.…”

Section: Exchange Coefficientmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two mechanisms have been identified: bubble-mediated production of jet droplets from breaking waves [see, e.g., Blanchard, 1963;Spiel, 1994Spiel, , 1997 effective at wind speeds from 4 m/s and up, and production of spume droplets torn directly from wave crests by strong turbulence [see, e.g., Monahan et al, 1986] effective at wind speeds in excess of 10-12 m/s. A recent survey by Andreas [1998] presents the various estimates of the generation function.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While comprehensive models are available for the air flow over periodic waves [e.g., Makin and Mastenbroek, 1996], the modeling of the air flow over breaking waves remains difficult. Consequently, the maximum in droplet concentrations at 1-2 m above the surface as observed by De Leeuw [1990a] has been explained both in terms of recirculation of droplets in wave rotors [De Leeuw, 1990b] and in terms of the spume mechanism inherently producing droplets at the height of the wave crests [Monahan et al, 1986]. In the absence of a model for the air flow over a breaking wave and/or spume droplet production, this question remains open.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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SeaCluse: Numerical simulation of evaporating sea spray droplets

Eijk¹,

Tranchant²,

Mestayer³

2001

J. Geophys. Res.

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Abstract. The SeaCluse computer code calculates the nonlinear interactions between sea spray droplet concentrations and the scalar fields of water vapor concentration and temperature in the marine atmospheric surface layer. The code simulates most of the dynamics of the evaporating sea spray droplets in the turbulent air flow over a wavy surface, the thermodynamic transformations of the spray droplets, and the influence of the droplets on the structure of the lower marine atmosphere. The main processor computes along the vertical the horizontally averaged budgets of droplet concentration, water vapor concentration, and sensible heat, including the dynamic and thermodynamic air-droplet interactions. This paper presents the first simulations of evaporating sea spray droplets made with the SeaCluse model. It is shown that common assumptions such as exponential vertical concentration profiles and the evaporation of all droplets to their equilibrium radius do not necessarily hold for droplets with a radius larger than -30 pm. The present results also demonstrate the importance of the nonlinear interactions between sea spray droplets and the scalar fields of water vapor and temperature. Most droplets evaporate close to the surface, in a layer of -2-3 times the wave height. The impact of evaporating sea spray droplets increases rapidly with increasing wind speed. IntroductionIn recent years, the interest in aerosols has grown appreciably as the scientific community addresses questions related to the local and global climate, visibility and health studies, airsea exchange of matter (e.g., pollutants), and the development Despite their interest and despite considerable effort, our knowledge of sea spray droplets and their role in various processes is still far from complete. This is due, in part, to the difficulties in making accurate measurements above the waves. Measurements of the vertical distribution of sea spray are still 2573

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Section: Exchange Coefficientmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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SeaCluse: Numerical simulation of evaporating sea spray droplets

Eijk¹,

Tranchant²,

Mestayer³

2001

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…Seasalt particles are produced at the ocean surface by the bursting of entrained air bubbles produced by the action of wind (Woodcock, 1953;Blanchard & Woodcock, 1957, 1980Blanchard, 1983;Monahan, Spiel, & Davidson, 1986;Gong, Barrie, Blanchet, & Spacek, 1998). Mechanical generation typically produces particles ranging from 0.1 to 100 m in diameter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-time measurement of sodium in single aerosol particles by flame emission: laboratory characterization

Clark

Campuzano‐Jost

Covert

et al. 2001

Journal of Aerosol Science

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A #ame emission aerosol sodium detector (ASD) has been developed to study the distribution of seasalt in individual marine aerosol droplets. The instrument detects sodium via D-line emission in a fuel-rich, laminar, hydrogen/oxygen/nitrogen #ame. Laboratory studies with synthetic monodisperse aerosols were carried out in order to characterize the sensitivity, precision, and linearity of the technique. Experiments were also carried out with aerosols generated from mixed salt solutions and seawater in order to determine whether ionic or other matrix e!ects lead to interference. The ASD has a linear response function for NaCl aerosol particles from 100 nm to 2.0 m in diameter. The precision of sodium mass measurements is on the order of $3% standard error on replicate measurements, with a quantitative response to the sodium content of a single aerosol particle that is independent of the chemical composition of the particle, i.e. anions, cations, seawater. No interferences were found with major ions in seawater and common atmospheric aerosols. These experiments demonstrate a detection limit equivalent to a 100 nm diameter dry 100% NaCl aerosol.

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“…Sea salt uses the emission parametrizations by Monahan et al (1986) Guelle et al (2001). The species is emitted into the hydrophilic accumulation and coarse modes only.…”

Section: Primary Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A pathway analysis of global aerosol processes

Schutgens

Stier

2014

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. We present a detailed budget of the changes in atmospheric aerosol mass and numbers due to various processes: emission (including instant condensation of soluble biogenic emissions), nucleation, coagulation, H 2 SO 4 condensation and in-cloud production, aging and deposition. The budget is created from monthly averaged tracer tendencies calculated by the global aerosol model ECHAM5.5-HAM2 and allows us to investigate process contributions at various length-scales and timescales. As a result, we show in unprecedented detail what processes drive the evolution of aerosol. In particular, we show that the processes that affect aerosol masses are quite different from those that affect aerosol numbers. Condensation of H 2 SO 4 gas onto preexisting particles is an important process, dominating the growth of small particles in the nucleation mode to the Aitken mode and the aging of hydrophobic matter. Together with in-cloud production of H 2 SO 4 , it significantly contributes to (and often dominates) the mass burden (and hence composition) of the hydrophilic Aitken and accumulation mode particles. Particle growth itself is the leading source of number densities in the hydrophilic Aitken and accumulation modes, with their hydrophobic counterparts contributing (even locally) relatively little. As expected, the coarse mode is dominated by primary emissions and mostly decoupled from the smaller modes. Our analysis also suggests that coagulation serves mainly as a loss process for number densities and that, relative to other processes, it is a rather unimportant contributor to composition changes of aerosol. The analysis is extended with sensitivity studies where the impact of a lower model resolution or pre-industrial emissions is shown to be small. We discuss the use of the current budget for model simplification, prioritization of model improvements, identification of potential structural model errors and model evaluation against observations.

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A Model of Marine Aerosol Generation Via Whitecaps and Wave Disruption

Cited by 741 publications

References 11 publications

SeaCluse: Numerical simulation of evaporating sea spray droplets

SeaCluse: Numerical simulation of evaporating sea spray droplets

Real-time measurement of sodium in single aerosol particles by flame emission: laboratory characterization

A pathway analysis of global aerosol processes

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