A Model of Experimental Spinal Cord Trauma Based on Computer-Controlled Intervertebral Distraction: Characterization of Graded Injury

Dabney, Kirk W.; Ehrenshteyn, Marina; Agresta, Cynthia A.; Twiss, Jeffery L.; Stern, Garland; Tice, Lisa; Salzman, Steven K.

doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000143108.65385.74

Cited by 31 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…5). Laminar hooks have been used to produce distraction injury in the rat thoracic spine but the injury speed was limited to 1 cm/s (Dabney et al, 2004). In the rat cervical spine, dislocation injuries can be produced by holding the lamina, but the lamina consistently fractures at higher injury speeds (unpublished observations).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…held stationary while the clamp holding C5 and C6 was distracted caudally, held for 1 s, then returned to its initial position. Displacements ranged from 5.1 mm to 6.1 mm (without flexion) and 4.1 mm to 4.6 mm (with flexion) based on reported values in a rat thoracic distraction model (Dabney et al, 2004). The 1 s dwell enabled visual confirmation under stereomicroscopy that the clamps did not slip rostro-caudally.…”

Section: Injury Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Modeling spinal cord contusion, dislocation, and distraction: Characterization of vertebral clamps, injury severities, and node of Ranvier deformations

Choo

Liu

et al. 2009

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Injury Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling spinal cord contusion, dislocation, and distraction: Characterization of vertebral clamps, injury severities, and node of Ranvier deformations

Choo

Liu

et al. 2009

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

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“…In 2004, Dabney et al 34 detailed the use of this device to inflict thoracic SCI in rats. The procedure involves laminectomy at the intended injury location, followed by the placement of modified Harrington hooks under the laminae of the vertebrae one level caudal and one level rostral to the injury target.…”

Section: Harrington Distractormentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal cord injury models: a review

et al. 2014

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Background: Animal spinal cord injury (SCI) models have proved invaluable in better understanding the mechanisms involved in traumatic SCI and evaluating the effectiveness of experimental therapeutic interventions. Over the past 25 years, substantial gains have been made in developing consistent, reproducible and reliable animal SCI models. Study design: Review. Objective: The objective of this review was to consolidate current knowledge on SCI models and introduce newer paradigms that are currently being developed. Results: SCI models are categorized based on the mechanism of injury into contusion, compression, distraction, dislocation, transection or chemical models. Contusion devices inflict a transient, acute injury to the spinal cord using a weight-drop technique, electromagnetic impactor or air pressure. Compression devices compress the cord at specific force and duration to cause SCI. Distraction SCI devices inflict graded injury by controlled stretching of the cord. Mechanical displacement of the vertebrae is utilized to produce dislocation-type SCI. Surgical transection of the cord, partial or complete, is particularly useful in regenerative medicine. Finally, chemically induced SCI replicates select components of the secondary injury cascade. Although rodents remain the most commonly used species and are best suited for preliminary SCI studies, large animal and nonhuman primate experiments better approximate human SCI. Conclusion: All SCI models aim to replicate SCI in humans as closely as possible. Given the recent improvements in commonly used models and development of newer paradigms, much progress is anticipated in the coming years. Spinal Cord (2014) 52, 588-595; doi:10.1038/sc.2014.91; published online 10 June 2014 INTRODUCTIONSpinal cord injury (SCI) models have proved indispensible not only for investigating the efficacy of therapeutic interventions but also for better understanding the molecular pathways involved. SCI models have evolved significantly over the past century since Allen developed the first weight-drop contusion model in 1911. 1 SCI models aim to recreate features of human SCI as closely as possible. These models vary in terms of the animal utilized, site of injury infliction and injury mechanism.Rats are used most commonly in preliminary studies as they are relatively inexpensive, readily available and have demonstrated similar functional, electrophysiological, and morphological outcomes to humans following SCI. 2 Mice are particularly useful for genetic studies. 3 Nonhuman primate SCI models-including marmosets, macaques and squirrel monkeys-better approximate human SCI than rodent models, and they accommodate assessment of multiple recovery variables and rehabilitative therapy. 4 New world primates like marmosets confer advantages over old world primates as they are smaller, easier to handle, have a higher breeding efficiency and can be bred in experimental colonies. SCI models that incorporate large animals-such as pigs or dogs-can also be used when it is important for furth...

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“…Early spinal resection (with shortening) and correction of the deformity stops the unbalanced growth of the spine and thorax, and results in an overall lengthening of the anterior trunk during growth. As compared with kyphosis correction using distraction techniques [33,34], another advantage of shortening the spine is that it is better tolerated by the spinal cord. In this respect, it is similar to resection of a hemivertebra, another standard spine shortening procedure [35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Posterior vertebral column resection in early onset spinal deformities

et al. 2013

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Purpose Early onset spinal deformities (EOSD) can be life-threatening in very young children. In the growing spine, surgical intervention is often unavoidable and should be carried out as soon as possible. A deformed section of the spine not only affects the development of the remaining healthy spine, but also that of the chest wall (which influences pulmonary function), the extremities and body balance. Posterior vertebral column resection (PVCR) represents an effective surgical solution to address such problems. However, reports in the literature concerning PVCR are mostly limited to its use in adolescents or adults. The purpose of this study was to illustrate our experience with PVCR in EOSD and to describe the surgical technique with respect to the unique anatomy of young children. Materials and methods Four children [mean age 3.7 (range 2.5-5.2) years] with severe spinal deformity underwent PVCR through a single approach. Multimodal intraoperative monitoring was used in all cases. Surgery included one stage posterior circumferential resection of one vertebral body along with the adjoining intervertebral discs and removal of all posterior elements. A transpedicular screw-rod system was used for correction and stabilisation. Fusion was strictly limited to the resection site, allowing for later conversion into a growing rod construct at the remaining spine, if necessary. Relevant data were extracted retrospectively from patient charts and long spine radiographs. Results The mean operation time was 500 (range 463-541) min, with an estimated blood loss of 762 (range 600-1,050) ml. Mean follow-up time was 6.3 (range 3.5-12.4) years. After PVCR, the mean Cobb angle for scoliosis was reduced from 69°(range 50-99°) to 29°(5-44°) and the sagittal curvature (kyphosis) from 126°(87-151°) to 61°(47-75°). The mean correction of scoliosis was 57 % (18-92°) and of kyphosis, 51 % (44-62°). There were no spinal cord-related complications. In three patients, spinal instrumentation for growth guidance (fusion less growing rod technique) was applied. Two patients had complications: one patient had a complication of anesthesia, halo pin failure, and revision surgery with extension of the instrumentation cranially due to loss of correction; the second patient had a postoperative infection, which required plastic reconstructive measures. Conclusion PVCR appears to be an effective technique to treat severe EOSD. There are important differences in its use in young children when compared with older patients. In patients with EOSD, additional surgical procedures are often necessary during growth, and hence non-fusion instrumentation beyond the vertebral resection site is advantageous, as it permits spinal growth and the later addition of fusion.

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A Model of Experimental Spinal Cord Trauma Based on Computer-Controlled Intervertebral Distraction: Characterization of Graded Injury

Cited by 31 publications

References 26 publications

Modeling spinal cord contusion, dislocation, and distraction: Characterization of vertebral clamps, injury severities, and node of Ranvier deformations

Modeling spinal cord contusion, dislocation, and distraction: Characterization of vertebral clamps, injury severities, and node of Ranvier deformations

Spinal cord injury models: a review

Posterior vertebral column resection in early onset spinal deformities

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