A Model of Dark Matter and Dark Energy Based on Relativizing Newton’s Physics

Abstract

The nature and properties of dark matter and dark energy in the universe are among the outstanding open issues of modern cosmology. Despite extensive theoretical and empirical efforts, the question "what is dark matter made of?" has not been answered satisfactorily. Candidates proposed to identify particle dark matter span over ninety orders of magnitude in mass, from ultra-light bosons, to massive black holes. Dark energy is a greater enigma. It is believed to be some kind of negative vacuum energy, responsible for driving galaxies apart in accelerated motion. In this article we take a relativistic approach in theorizing about dark matter and dark energy. Our approach is based on our recently proposed Information Relativity theory. Rather than theorizing about the identities of particle dark matter candidates, we investigate the relativistic effects on large scale celestial structures at their recession from an observer on Earth. We analyze a simplified model of the universe, in which large scale celestial bodies, like galaxies and galaxy clusters, are non-charged compact bodies that recede rectilinearly along the line-of-sight of an observer on Earth. We neglect contributions to dark matter caused by the rotation of celestial structures (e.g., the rotation of galaxies) and of their constituents (e.g., rotations of stars inside galaxies). We define the mass of dark matter as the complimentary portion of the derived relativistic mass, such that at any given recession velocity the sum of the two is equal to the Newtonian mass. The emerging picture from our analysis could be summarized as follows: 1) At any given redshift, the dark matter of a receding body exists in duality to its observable matter. 2) The dynamical interaction between the dark and the observed matter is determined by the body's recession velocity (or redshift). 3) The observable matter mass density decreases with its recession velocity, with matter transforming to dark matter. 4

Reciprocity as an Ever-Present Dual Property of Everything

“…This function, displayed in Figure 1, turns out to be a central topic of the Information Relativity theory of Suleiman [7] ( )…”

“…The difference gives ( ) The case, where according to the Information Relativity theory of Suleiman [7] [8] just at the recession velocity of β = 1/3 the matter and the dark matter density will be the same, delivers for the density amount the reciprocal of another Lucas number, namely L 6 = 18 (see Chapter 5 and Figure 4…”

“…Hardy's maximum probability was before connected with the dark energy question, using a fractal Cantorian set theory developed by El Naschie (E-infinity theory) [5] and further elaborated by Marec-Crnjac [6]. However, in the last years a step was made in direction of a unification of physical theories with the Information Relativity theory of Suleiman [7] [8]. Whereas great philosophers understood reciprocity as relation between action and reaction (Hegel [9]) or as connection between freedom and ethical necessities (Kant [10]), in this contribution a more mathematical as well as physical view on reciprocity was given.…”

“…Many formal explanations or physical constructs that bothered long time the world of physics are overcome by the new exciting Information Relativity theory, developed by Suleiman[7] [8]. It is not the intention of the author to keep the reader away from studying this theory in detail for himself.…”

On the Dynamics of Rotationally Supported Galaxies

“…Our model is based on a recently proposed relativistic modification of Newtonian mechanics, accomplished only by accounting for the fact that any information carrier, including light waves, takes time to travel between two points in the 3D space [13].…”