A model for the toughness of epoxy-rubber particulate composites

Kunz-Douglass, S.; Beaumont, Pwr; Ashby, Michael F.

doi:10.1007/bf00551799

Cited by 386 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…However, many epoxies are brittle and have poor fracture toughness, weak impact strength and low resistance to fatigue crack propagation [1]. Epoxies can be toughened by adding rubbery fillers, such as liquid rubbers [2][3][4] and preformed core/shell rubber particles [5][6][7][8]. Rubber cavitation happens under local hydrostatic stress.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Composites Filled with Rubbery Copolymer Grafted SiO2

Gao

Benicewicz

et al. 2012

Polymers

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This study demonstrated a method for toughening a highly crosslinked anhydride cured DGEBA epoxy using rubbery block copolymer grafted SiO 2 nanoparticles. The particles were synthesized by a sequential reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The inner rubbery block poly(n-hexyl methacrylate) (PHMA) had a glass transition temperature below room temperature. The outer block poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) was matrix compatible. A rubbery interlayer thickness of 100% and 200% of the particle core radius was achieved by grafting a 20 kg/mol and a 40 kg/mol PHMA at a graft density of 0.7 chains/nm 2 from the SiO 2 surface. The 20 kg/mol rubbery interlayer transferred load more efficiently to the SiO 2 cores than the 40 kg/mol rubbery interlayer and maintained the epoxy modulus up to a loading of 10 vol% of the rubbery interlayer. Both systems enabled cavitation or plastic dilatation. Improvement of the strain-to-break and the tensile toughness was found in both systems. We hypothesize that plastic void growth in the matrix is the primary mechanism causing the improvement of the ductility. OPEN ACCESSPolymers 2012, 4 188

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Composites Filled with Rubbery Copolymer Grafted SiO2

Gao

Benicewicz

et al. 2012

Polymers

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“…하지만 높은 가교밀도 로 인해 분자 구조가 강직해져 취성(brittleness)이 증가 하게 되고, 이에 따라 외부의 충격에 의해 쉽게 깨어 지는 단점도 가지고 있다 [3]. 에폭시 수지의 단점을 극복하기 위해서 많은 연구 Crack propagation in epoxy system (a) neat epoxy system (b) rubber particles dispersed epoxy system [10].…”

Section: )unclassified

The Physical Properties Analysis of Epoxy Resins Incorporated with Toughening Agents

Kim¹,

Kim²,

Park³

et al. 2015

Adhesion and Interface

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Epoxy resin toughening agents such as core/shell nanoparticles, CTBN epoxy, polyester polyols, and polyurethane have been widely used in order to compensate for the brittleness and improve the impact resistance of the epoxy resin. In this work, a few tougheners mentioned above were individually added into adhesive compositions to observe the effects of physical and mechanical properties. Both flexural strength and flexural modulus were measured with UTM while impact strength was analyzed with Izod impact tester. The obtained results showed that the addition of toughening agents afforded positive performance in terms of flexibility and impact resistance of the cured epoxy resin. Furthermore, DMA experiments suggested that the trends of storage modulus data of each epoxy resin composition coincided with the trends of flexural modulus data. FE-SEM images showed that toughening agents formed circled-shape particles when it was cured in epoxy resin composition at high temperature by phase separation. The existence of particles in the cured samples explains why epoxy resin with toughener has higher impact resistance.

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“…The two most important localized deformation mechanisms in glassy thermoplastics (here: PMMA) are crazing and shear banding (Bucknall, 1977;Kinloch and Williams, 1980). These phenomena have been suggested to be the two dominant energy-dissipating mechanisms in polymers by several researchers (Bucknall, 1977;Bucknall and Partridge, 1983;Sultan and McGarry, 1973), but others have raised some doubts on these claim (Kinloch et al, 1983;Kunz-Douglass et al, 1980).…”

Section: Factors Affecting Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

“… Particle deformation and crack bridging (Kunz-Douglass et al, 1980).  Cavitation-induced shear deformation or stress-relief (Donald and Kramer, 1982).…”

Section: Strengthening and Softening Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure-Based Computational Modeling of Mechanical Behavior of Polymer Micro/Nano Composites

Tehrani¹

2013

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The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Lightweight advanced materials are critical in the manufacturing of many Army vehicles. Recently, numerical tools have been utilized to customize experiments to achieve optimized behavior of micro/nano polymer composites (MNPCs). Most numerical studies are based on characterizing the MNPCs through simple microstructures, as circular particles or straight fibers embedded in a specific polymer matrix. Although these geometries are effective in virtually modeling some types of composite material behavior, they fail to address some critical key Names of Under Graduate students supportedPERCENT_SUPPORTED NAME FTE Equivalent:Total Number:The number of undergraduates funded by this agreement who graduated during this period with a degree in science, mathematics, engineering, or technology fields:The number of undergraduates funded by your agreement who graduated during this period and will continue to pursue a graduate or Ph.D. degree in science, mathematics, engineering, or technology fields:Number of graduating undergraduates who achieved a 3.5 GPA to 4.0 (4.0 max scale): Number of graduating undergraduates funded by a DoD funded Center of Excellence grant for Education, Research and Engineering:The number of undergraduates funded by your agreement who graduated during this period and intend to work for the Department of DefenseThe number of undergraduates funded by your agreement who graduated during this period and will receive scholarships or fellowships for further studies in science, mathematics, engineering or technology fields: Student Metrics This section only applies to graduating undergraduates supported by this agreement in this reporting periodThe number of undergraduates funded by this agreement who graduated during this period: 0.00 ...... Names of Personnel receiving masters degrees Inventions (DD882) Scientific ProgressBecause the mechanical responses of polymers and many types of polymer composites are in the large deformation range, the Eulerian or Lagrangian concept is required for measuring the stress and strain. On the other hand, developing a large deformation based constitutive model requires a number of considerations, and should be performed from a thermodynamics point of view to study the motion of each component of the material. Even though such approach is precise and physically sound, it is limited to just one type of material. Furthermore, polymers show high dependency to the rate and time of the applied load; hence, employing viscoelastic, viscoplastic and viscodamage models is necessary. To address these issues, a consistent framework is developed to generalize elastic/viscoelastic and plastic/viscoplastic models from small strain to the large deformation range. The developed continuum based app...

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A model for the toughness of epoxy-rubber particulate composites

Cited by 386 publications

References 14 publications

The Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Composites Filled with Rubbery Copolymer Grafted SiO2

The Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Composites Filled with Rubbery Copolymer Grafted SiO2

The Physical Properties Analysis of Epoxy Resins Incorporated with Toughening Agents

Microstructure-Based Computational Modeling of Mechanical Behavior of Polymer Micro/Nano Composites

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