A model for the structure of bacteriorhodopsin based on high resolution electron cryomicroscopy

Situs: A Package for Docking Crystal Structures into Low-Resolution Maps from Electron Microscopy

“…The convert utility reads file formats of standard EM application software. These include the MRC (Henderson et al, 1990) and SPIDER formats, as well as similar 4-byte floating-point binary formats in which a header is followed by the sequence of density values. ASCII files that contain a sequence of density values in free format are also recognized.…”

Adsorption of Biological Molecules to a Solid Support for Scanning Probe Microscopy

“…Purple membrane is a constituent of the inner membrane of H. salinarium and consists of 75% bacteriorhodopsin (M r 26,500), a light-driven proton pump, and of 25% lipids (Kates et al, 1982). Bacteriorhodopsin molecules are naturally arranged in a highly ordered 2D trigonal lattice (a 5 b 5 6.2 nm) and consist of seven transmembrane a-helices (Henderson et al, 1990) surrounding the photoreactive retinal (Jubb et al, 1984). Some of the a-helices can undergo conformational changes during the photocycle (Dencher et al, 1989;Subramaniam et al, 1993).…”

Expression and pharmacological characterization of the human μ‐opioid receptor in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris

“…Biochemical and mutagenesis experiments have allowed accumulation of a wealth of information on the structure/function relationships within this family of receptors. However, interpretation of the data relies on substantially speculative three-dimensional models derived from the structure of related but yet poorly homologous molecules such as bacterial and visual opsins [1][2][3]. Indeed, G-protein-coupled receptors generally occur at very low levels in biological materials and direct structural *Corresponding author.…”