A model for evidence accumulation in the lexical decision task

Wagenmakers, Eric–Jan; Steyvers, Mark; Raaijmakers, Jeroen G. W.; Shiffrin, Richard M.; Rijn, Hedderik van; Zeelenberg, René

doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2003.08.001

Cited by 85 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 71 publications

(124 reference statements)

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“…It has sometimes been argued that lexical decision can be performed before semantic access (e.g., Forster, 1976;Morton, 1969) or that lexical decision does not necessarily require semantic information (Plaut, 1997). Other theories have given semantic activation a central role in word recognition (Balota et al, 1991;Norris, 2006;Wagenmakers et al, 2004). The present results suggest that one source of variability in observed semantic effects in lexical decision could be individual differences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 49%

“…There are now a number of models of the visual word recognition system (e.g., Coltheart, Rastle, Perry, Langdon & Ziegler, 2001;Harm & Seidenberg, 2004;Norris, 2006;Wagenmakers et al, 2004), and these assume that visual word recognition involves extraction of three kinds of information about word stimuli: orthography (spelling), phonology (sound), and semantics (meaning). The task that is most commonly used to study the word recognition system is the lexical decision task (LDT; i.e., is the stimulus a real word?…”

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confidence: 99%

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How a hobby can shape cognition: visual word recognition in competitive Scrabble players

et al. 2011

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Competitive Scrabble is an activity that involves extraordinary word recognition experience. We investigated whether that experience is associated with exceptional behavior in the laboratory in a classic visual word recognition paradigm: the lexical decision task (LDT). We used a version of the LDT that involved horizontal and vertical presentation and a concreteness manipulation. In Experiment 1, we presented this task to a group of undergraduates, as these participants are the typical sample in word recognition studies. In Experiment 2, we compared the performance of a group of competitive Scrabble players with a group of agematched nonexpert control participants. The results of a series of cognitive assessments showed that the Scrabble players and control participants differed only in Scrabble-specific skills (e.g., anagramming). Scrabble expertise was associated with two specific effects (as compared to controls): vertical fluency (relatively less difficulty judging lexicality for words presented in the vertical orientation) and semantic deemphasis (smaller concreteness effects for word responses). These results suggest that visual word recognition is shaped by experience, and that with experience there are efficiencies to be had even in the adult word recognition system.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

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How a hobby can shape cognition: visual word recognition in competitive Scrabble players

et al. 2011

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“…Thus, how a study item is encoded-which features are used and what their values are-depends on the participant's prior knowledge stored in semantic memory. Access to semantic memory depends not only on the physical features of the stimulus, such as the letters of a word, but can also affected by context, as has been found in studies of lexical decision and naming (Wagenmakers et al, 2004). Finally, although we do not model it here, just as semantic memory is used to determine the features encoded in an episodic trace, the episode augments the knowledge stored in semantic memory (Nelson & Shiffrin, 2013).…”

Section: V(t)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Dynamic Approach to Recognition Memory

Cox¹,

Shiffrin²

2017

Preprint

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ii Acknowledgements First, I extend my thanks to my committee members for their time, consideration, and guidance. I would especially like to thank my advisors, Rich Shiffrin and Mike Jones, for first convincing me to come to Indiana, making me feel welcome, and guiding me into the world I now inhabit. I must also thank Isaiah Harbison, Michael Dougherty, and Sharona Atkins for introducing me to the very idea of mathematical psychology and for teaching me and trusting me. show how the dynamic model can be extended to account for paradigms like associative recognition and list discrimination, leading to another novel test of the presence of recall-like processes. Associative recognition, list discrimination, recognition of similar foils, and source exclusion are all better explained by the formation of a compound cue rather than recall, although source memory is found to be better modeled by a recall process.

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“…In particular, robust context effects have been observed in lexical decision tasks in which participants classify strings of letters as words (e.g., CAT) or nonwords (e.g., CXT; see, e.g., Glanzer & Ehrenreich, 1979;Gordon, 1983;Grainger & Jacobs, 1996;Ratcliff, Gomez, & McKoon, 2004). Wagenmakers et al (2004) also identified a mirror effect in lexical decision. They observed improved performance for both words and nonwords (a mirror effect) when the similarity of the nonwords to the words was decreased.…”

Section: Experiments 1-4mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Dynamics of Experimentally Induced Criterion Shifts.

Brown

Steyvers

2005

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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Investigations of decision making have typically assumed stationarity, even though commonly observed "context effects" are dynamic by definition. Mirror effects are an important class of context effects that can be explained by changes in participants' decision criteria. When easy and difficult conditions are blocked alternately and a mirror effect is observed, participants must repeatedly change their decision criteria. The authors investigated the time course of these criterion changes and observed the buildup of mirror effects on a trial-by-trial basis. The data are consistent with slow, systematic changes in decision criteria that lag behind stimulus changes. The length of this lag is considerable: analysis of a simple dynamic signal-detection model suggests participants take an average of around 14 trials to adjust to new decision environments. This trial-level measurement of experimentally induced changes has implications for traditional blockwise analyses of data and for models of decision making.Keywords: mirror effect, dynamics, context effect, signal detection theory, decision making A common assumption in models of decision making is stationarity. With few exceptions (e.g., Kac, 1966;Rabbit, 1981;Strayer & Kramer, 1994a, 1994bTreisman & Williams, 1984;Vickers & Lee, 1998, models of decision making assume that successive decisions are independent. The assumption of stationarity has proven useful in keeping models simple and tractable and seems reasonable, as most decision-making experiments have used stationary decision-making environments. More recently, there has been a growing focus on nonstationary (dynamic) research. A central feature of most dynamic research in psychology is a focus on behavioral changes triggered by internal events, such as stimulus or response monitoring and error-rate tracking (e.g., Heit, Brockdorff, & Lamberts, 2003;Kelly, Heath, & Longstaff, 2001;Petrov & Anderson, 2005;Rotello & Heit, 2000;Treisman & Williams, 1984; Van Orden, Moreno, & Holden, 2003). Often, these internally induced changes are fast, on the order of seconds (although see also Gilden, Thornton, & Mallon, 1995). The key aspect of internally induced changes is that they can occur at any point during measurement-there is no way to predict their arrival times before the experiment begins.Below, we consider decision environments that are themselves dynamic, experimentally inducing changes in behavior. For example, consider a medical observer making decisions about the nature of tumors (benign vs. malignant) from X-ray photographs. Decision difficulty will change with time, as the patient population or perhaps the picture clarity changes. Observers must dynamically adjust their decision-making processes to reflect changes in the environment: if it becomes easier to identify benign tumors, observers should relax their criterion for identifying malignant tumors. Below, we report an empirical and theoretical investigation of this classic criterion setting problem. We introduce a simple decision model based on signa...

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A model for evidence accumulation in the lexical decision task

Cited by 85 publications

References 71 publications

How a hobby can shape cognition: visual word recognition in competitive Scrabble players

How a hobby can shape cognition: visual word recognition in competitive Scrabble players

A Dynamic Approach to Recognition Memory

The Dynamics of Experimentally Induced Criterion Shifts.

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