A Mixed Reality-based Tele-Supervised Ultrasound Education Platform on 5G network compared to Direct Supervision: Prospective Randomized Pilot Trial (Preprint)

Abstract

BACKGROUND Ultrasound education is transitioning from in-person training to remote methods using mixed reality (MR) and 5G networks. Previous studies are mainly experimental, lacking randomized controlled trials in direct training scenarios. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare an MR-based tele-supervised ultrasound education platform on private 5G networks with traditional in-person training for novice doctors. METHODS Conducted at a tertiary academic hospital from November to December 2023, the prospective randomized controlled pilot study assigned doctors without prior abdominal ultrasound education experience to either the tele-supervision group (TG; n = 20) or direct supervision group (DG; n = 20). Participants received a video lecture, conducted ultrasound on a phantom, and had 18 images scored by experts in a blinded manner. Doctors in TG communicated with a supervisor through a head-mounted display (HMD), while those in DG interacted with the supervisor directly. The primary outcomes were image quality scores. Procedure time, number of supervisor interventions, user experience using NASA-Task load index (NASA-TLX), System Usability Scale (SUS), and self-confidence through pre- and post-surveys were also assessed. RESULTS Image quality scores and procedure times were not significantly different between the groups. TG engaged in more educational interventions and reported lower NASA-TLX scores for mental demand, effort, and frustration, along with higher SUS scores (66.6 ± 9.1 vs. 60.2 ± 10.4). CONCLUSIONS Although no significant differences in scores were observed between groups, considerable differences in positive educational interactions, workload, and usability were evident. These findings emphasize the platform’s potential to enhance the ultrasound training experience, suggesting more interactive and efficient learning. CLINICALTRIAL ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT06171828