“…Therefore, it has natural advantages in fracture analysis. This model has been widely used to analyze the progressive failure and crack propagation in concrete structures, 18,19 damage in laminated fiber-reinforced composites, 20,21 fatigue crack propagation, 22,23 and metal material corrosion. 24,25 Since the peridynamic model is based on the nonlocal interaction theory, the equilibrium of a material point is attained by an integral of internal forces exerted by nonadjacent points across a finite distance, which significantly increases the computation cost compared with the classical continuum mechanical model.…”