“…A recent development that exemplifies this learning paradigm is the emergence of physics-informed machine learning (PIML). , This approach seamlessly integrates data and abstract mathematical operators, allowing for the incorporation of PDEs with or without missing physics. The integration of prior knowledge and physics-based constraints into the model architecture (that is, physics-informed neural network, PINN) can improve the generalization performance, interpretability, and scalability of the ML model, reducing the reliance on labeled data. , Due to these advantages, PIML created new possibilities for tackling complex scientific and engineering challenges, making them a focal point of research in the emerging interdisciplinary field of scientific ML (SciML). , Recent literature statistics have indicated it has been successfully applied to over 10 different discipline branches, including but not limited to fluid mechanics, − heat transfer, − chemical reactions, , biomedicine, , materials science, − solid mechanics, , and fracture mechanics. , …”