A Mitocentric View of the Main Bacterial and Parasitic Infectious Diseases in the Pediatric Population

Romero-Cordero, Sonia; Kirwan, Richard; Noguera-Julián, Antoni; Cardellach, Francesc; Fortuny, Clàudia; Morén, Constanza

doi:10.3390/ijms22063272

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 163 publications

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“…The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that microbial diseases (both from bacteria and fungi) are a leading cause of death in humans [ 1 ], which can be transmitted directly or indirectly from one individual to another, and that bacterial resistance causes more than 10 million deaths per year [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. The microorganisms of greatest interest that cause infectious diseases in humans are bacteria such as Salmonella typhi (causing typhoid fever), Staphylococcus aureus (causing skin infections, sometimes pneumonia, endocarditis, and osteomyelitis), Streptococcus pneumoniae (causing pneumonia), among others [ 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ellagitannin, Phenols, and Flavonoids as Antibacterials from Acalypha arvensis (Euphorbiaceae)

Blé-González

Gómez-Rivera

Zamilpa

et al. 2022

Plants

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There is a significant need to gain access to new and better antibacterial agents. Acalypha arvensis, a plant from the Euphorbiaceae family, has been used in traditional medicine for centuries to treat infectious diseases. This manuscript reports the isolation, characterization, and antibacterial screening of 8 natural products extracted from maceration of aerial parts of Acalypha arvensis. Specifically, three extracts were assessed (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol), in which antibacterial activity was evaluated against diverse bacterial strains. The ethanolic extract showed the best activity against methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, which supports the medicinal properties attributed to this plant. The chromatographic fractions AaR4 and AaR5 were the most bioactive, in which the ellagitannin natural product known as corilagin (1) was identified for the first time in this plant. Therefore, it can be said that this is the main chemical responsible for the observed antibacterial activity. However, we also identified chlorogenic acid (2), rutin (3), quercetin-3-O-glucoside (4), caffeic acid (5), among others (6–8). Hence, this plant can be considered to be a good alternative to treat health-related issues caused by various bacteria.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ellagitannin, Phenols, and Flavonoids as Antibacterials from Acalypha arvensis (Euphorbiaceae)

Blé-González

Gómez-Rivera

Zamilpa

et al. 2022

Plants

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L-Selenocystine induce HepG2 cells apoptosis through ROS-mediated signaling pathways

CHEN¹,

Su²,

CHEN³

et al. 2022

Biocell

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From Pathogens to Cancer: Are Cancer Cells Evolved Mitochondrial Super Cells?

et al. 2023

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Life is based on a highly specific combination of atoms, metabolism, and genetics which eventually reflects the chemistry of the Universe which is composed of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and carbon. The interaction of atomic, metabolic, and genetic cycles results in the organization and de-organization of chemical information of that which we consider as living entities, including cancer cells. In order to approach the problem of the origin of cancer it is therefore reasonable to start from the assumption that the sub-molecular level, the atomic structure, should be the considered starting point on which metabolism, genetics, and external insults eventually emanate. Second, it is crucial to characterize which of the entities and parts composing human cells may live a separate life; certainly, this theoretical standpoint would consider mitochondria, an organelle of “bacteria” origin embedded in conditions favorable for the onset of both. This organelle has not only been tolerated by immunity but has also been placed as a central regulator of cell defense. Virus, bacteria, and mitochondria are also similar in the light of genetic and metabolic elements; they share not only equivalent DNA and RNA features but also many basic biological activities. Thus, it is important to finalize that once the cellular integrity has been constantly broken down, the mitochondria like any other virus or bacteria return to their original autonomy to simply survive. The Warburg’s law that states the ability of cancers to ferment glucose in the presence of oxygen, indicates mitochondria respiration abnormalities may be the underlying cause of this transformation towards super cancer cells. Though genetic events play a key part in altering biochemical metabolism, inducing aerobic glycolysis, this is not enough to impair mitochondrial function since mitochondrial biogenesis and quality control are constantly upregulated in cancers. While some cancers have mutations in the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, enzymes that produce oncogenic metabolites, there is also a bio-physic pathway for pathogenic mitochondrial genome mutations. The atomic level of all biological activities can be considered the very beginning, marked by the electron abnormal behavior that consequently affects DNA of both cells and mitochondria. Whilst the cell’s nucleus DNA after a certain number of errors and defection tends to gradually switch off, the mitochondria DNA starts adopting several escape strategies, switching-on a few important genes that belong back at their original roots as independent beings. The ability to adopt this survival trick, by becoming completely immune to current life-threatening events, is probably the beginning of a differentiation process towards a “super-power cell”, the cancer cells that remind many pathogens, including virus, bacteria, and fungi. Thus, here, we present a hypothesis regarding those changes that first begin at the mitochondria atomic level to steadily involve molecular, tissue and organ levels in response to the virus or bacteria constant insults that drive a mitochondria itself to become an “immortal cancer cell”. Improved insights into this interplay between these pathogens and mitochondria progression may disclose newly epistemological paradigms as well as innovative procedures in targeting cancer cell progressive invasion.

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A Mitocentric View of the Main Bacterial and Parasitic Infectious Diseases in the Pediatric Population

Cited by 3 publications

References 163 publications

Ellagitannin, Phenols, and Flavonoids as Antibacterials from Acalypha arvensis (Euphorbiaceae)

Ellagitannin, Phenols, and Flavonoids as Antibacterials from Acalypha arvensis (Euphorbiaceae)

L-Selenocystine induce HepG2 cells apoptosis through ROS-mediated signaling pathways

From Pathogens to Cancer: Are Cancer Cells Evolved Mitochondrial Super Cells?

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