A MiniSandwich Experiment with Blended Ca-Bentonite and Pearson Water—Hydration, Swelling, Solute Transport and Cation Exchange

Abstract

Shaft seals are geotechnical barriers in nuclear waste deposits and underground mines. The Sandwich sealing system consists of alternating sealing segments (DS) of bentonite and equipotential segments (ES). MiniSandwich experiments were performed with blended Ca-bentonite (90 mm diameter and 125 mm height) to study hydration, swelling, solute transport and cation exchange during hydration with A3 Pearson water, which resembles pore water of Opalinus Clay Formation at sandy facies. Two experiments were run in parallel with DS installed either in one-layer hydrate state (1W) or in air-dry two-layer hydrate (2W) state. Breakthrough at 0.3 MPa injection pressure occurred after 20 days and the fluid inlet was closed after 543 days, where 4289 mL and 2984 mL, respectively, passed both cells. Final hydraulic permeability was 2.0–2.7·10−17 m2. Cells were kept for another 142 days before dismantling. Swelling of DS resulted in slight compaction of ES. No changes in the mineralogy of the DS and ES material despite precipitated halite and sulfates occurred. Overall cation exchange capacity of the DS does not change, maintaining an overall value of 72 ± 2 cmol(+)/kg. Exchangeable Na+ strongly increased while exchangeable Ca2+ decreased. Exchangeable Mg2+ and K+ remained nearly constant. Sodium concentration in the outflow indicated two different exchange processes while the concentration of calcium and magnesium decreased potentially. Concentration of sulfate increased in the outflow, until it reached a constant value and chloride concentration decreased to a minimum before it slightly increased to a constant value. The available data set will be used to adapt numerical models for a mechanism-based description of the observed physical and geochemical processes.

Editorial for Special Issue “Clay Mineral Transformations after Bentonite/Clayrocks and Heater/Water Interactions from Lab and Large-Scale Tests”

“…The selected papers can be grouped in four main investigating issues: (a) characterisation of the barrier materials and their properties [12,13], (b) impact of transient variables and external perturbations on clay minerals' properties: cement, temperature, organics and microbial activity [14][15][16][17][18], (c) long-term behaviour of bentonite and clayrock barriers from large-scale tests inside URLs [19][20][21][22][23][24][25] and (d) long-term predictions of clay behaviour by means of reactive-transport modelling after different perturbations linked to interactions between the clay materials and the allochthonous engineered solid materials (ground-/pore-water, heat, cement/concrete, iron corrosion, organics, etc.) [26][27][28].…”