A minimally coloured dioxypyrrole polymer as a counter electrode material in polymeric electrochromic window devices

Knott, Eric P.; Craig, Michael R.; Liu, David Y.; Babiarz, Joseph E.; Dyer, Aubrey L.; Reynolds, John R.

doi:10.1039/c2jm15057c

Cited by 69 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…ECDs encompassing MCCP and poly((2,2-bis(2-ethylhexyloxymethyl)-propylene-1,3-dioxy)-3,4-thiophene-2,5-diyl (ECP-magenta) have been found to require potentials between -2 V and +2 V or -0.6 V and +1.4 V, depending on electrolyte composition and response time requirements. [ 17,20 ] A second obstacle in using MCCP in combination with the silver grid electrodes is the blooming effect previously reported and shown in Figure 1 A. [ 10 ] As the areas between the grid lines are non-conductive, the hexagonal grid structures result in an inhomogeneous electrical fi eld between the two electrodes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Such a polymer is the recently published polypyrrole: poly(N-octadecyl-(propylene-1,3-dioxy)-3,4-pyrrole-2,5-diyl), nicknamed minimally color changing polymer (MCCP). [ 17,27 ] As the name implies MCCP lends limited absorption to the visible region and we have previously made use of this polymer as a counter polymer in ECDs, due to good solubility and processing properties that allows a wide range of coating applications. [ 10,20 ] These properties qualifi ed MCCP to be one of the best choices as counter polymer for a grid based device.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fast Switching ITO Free Electrochromic Devices

Jensen

Kim

et al. 2013

Adv Funct Materials

109

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Indium-doped tin oxide free electrochromic devices are prepared by coating electrochromic polymers onto polyethylene terephthalate substrates encompassing two different silver grids as electrodes. One design comprises a fl exoprinted highly conductive silver grid electrode, yielding electrochromic devices with a response time of 2 s for an optical contrast of 27%. The other design utilizes an embedded silver grid electrode whereupon response times of 0.5 s for a 30% optical contrast are realized when oxidizing the device. A commercially available conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate acid) formulation (PEDOT:PSS) is coated onto the silver grids as a charge balancing polymer, and is in this setting found to be superior to a polypyrrole previously employed in electrochromic devices. In addition, the PEDOT:PSS layer increases the conductivity in the hexagonal grid structure. DOI . IntroductionThe development of electrochromic devices (ECDs) has moved from laboratory conditions into pilot plants; whereby, new challenges have emerged that include avoidance of vacuum processing steps and use of simple printing, coating, and lamination methods for deposition and assembly of the devices. If these challenges are successfully addressed, polymer based electrochromic devices will be commercially attractive and competitive to existing solutions. A main obstacle is the replacement of indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) as the transparent electrode material. ITO has been widely used as electrode material in organic electronics, but due to the scarcity of indium, substituting this material for a less expensive one would signifi cantly reduce production costs of ECDs. [1][2][3] Another incitement to replace ITO is the vast amount of energy used in the sputtering process employed in the production of ITO covered substrates. By avoiding such energy consuming processes, one would be able to manufacture ECDs with limited energy consumption from materials, to manufacturing and operation.From an operational point of view, the use of ITO as electrode material in ECDs is problematic since a low concentration of charge carriers in ITO gives rise to a large sheet resistance. It has been established that the electrode resistance has a marked effect on the response time and optical contrast of an ECD, [ 4 ] and high electrode resistance leads to a non-uniform potential across the electrode (Ohmic loss), and a non-uniform current distribution in the electrolyte. [ 5 ] By using electrodes of moderate conductivity, increasing potentials are needed to achieve satisfactory response times and optical contrast, as the ionic mobility (already impeded by the semisolid gel electrolyte) partly depends on the electric fi eld between the two electrodes. Due to several other chemical components, increasing the potential confl icts with the voltage limits, outside of which side reactions are likely to occur. These could be redox reactions of water due to moisture in the device or irreversible oxidation or reduction of the polymer fi...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast Switching ITO Free Electrochromic Devices

Jensen

Kim

et al. 2013

Adv Funct Materials

109

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“…Poly[2,2-bis(2-ethylhexyloxymethyl)-propylene-1,3-dioxy)-3,4-thiophene-2,5-diyl] (ECP-Magenta) was synthesized by direct (hetero)arylation polymerization (number-average molecular weight M n = 15 kDa, Dispersity () = 1.5), and poly(3,4-propylene dioxypyrrole-C 18 )w as prepared by dehalogenative polycondensation (M n = 95.6 kDa, = 1.8;F igure S1) according to previously published procedures. [62,63] To luene (99.5 %, Fischer Scientific) was used to dissolve the polymers at 5mgmL À1 .T BAPF 6 dissolved in PC (0.5 m) was used as aliquid electrolyte for film measurements with the addition 6wt% of PMMA (Sigma Aldrich;w eight-average molecular weight M w = 996 kDa) dissolved in 0.5 m TBAPF 6 /PC for the device gel electrolyte. The Ag/Ag + reference electrode was built using a 10 mm AgNO 3 /0.5 m TBAPF 6 /ACN (Acros Organics) solution in the body with asilver wire and calibrated at 73 mV versus Fc/Fc + (Fc = ferrocene).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transparent Wood Smart Windows: Polymer Electrochromic Devices Based on Poly(3,4‐Ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(Styrene Sulfonate) Electrodes

et al. 2018

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Transparent wood composites, with their high strength and toughness, thermal insulation, and excellent transmissivity, offer a route to replace glass for diffusely transmitting windows. Here, conjugated‐polymer‐based electrochromic devices (ECDs) that switch on‐demand are demonstrated using transparent wood coated with poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as a transparent conducting electrode. These ECDs exhibit a vibrant magenta‐to‐clear color change that results from a remarkably colorless bleached state. Furthermore, they require low energy and power inputs of 3 mWh m−2 at 2 W m−2 to switch due to a high coloration efficiency (590 cm2 C−1) and low driving voltage (0.8 V). Each device component is processed with high‐throughput methods, which highlights the opportunity to apply this approach to fabricate mechanically robust, energy‐efficient smart windows on a large scale.

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“…The EC polymers are PProDOT‐(CH 2 OEtHx) 2 , referred to as ECP‐Magenta, and PProDOP‐N‐C 18 H 37 , referred to as MCCP. ECP‐Magenta is the actively coloring electrochrome—switching from highly absorptive magenta in the neutral state to highly transmissive colorless in the oxidized state, while MCCP exhibits minimal color in either redox state—providing only charge balance within the ECD . The repeat unit structures for each of the polymeric materials used in the PV and EC portions of the device are provided in Figure S1.…”

Section: Semi‐transparent Photovoltaic Device Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Vertically Integrated Solar‐Powered Electrochromic Window for Energy Efficient Buildings

et al. 2014

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A solution-processed self-powered polymer electrochromic/photovoltaic (EC/PV) device is realized by vertically integrating two transparent PV cells with an ECD. The EC/PV cell is a net energy positive dual functional device, which can be reversibly switched between transparent and colored states by PV cells for regulating incoming sunlight through windows. The two PV cells can individually, or in pairs, generate electricity.

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A minimally coloured dioxypyrrole polymer as a counter electrode material in polymeric electrochromic window devices

Cited by 69 publications

References 24 publications

Fast Switching ITO Free Electrochromic Devices

Fast Switching ITO Free Electrochromic Devices

Transparent Wood Smart Windows: Polymer Electrochromic Devices Based on Poly(3,4‐Ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(Styrene Sulfonate) Electrodes

A Vertically Integrated Solar‐Powered Electrochromic Window for Energy Efficient Buildings

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