A minimal simulation of the electricity demand of a domestic hot water cylinder for smart control

Jack, Michael W.; Suomalainen, Kiti; Dew, J.J.W.; Eyers, David

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.11.044

Cited by 30 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…To identify electricity usage patterns in residences, a system to save electricity is proposed in Taiwan [29]. In Austria, autonomous optimal control of a domestic hot water heater was tested towards DSM opportunities [30], [31]; similarly, a smart control of domestic hot water cylinders with respect to future DSM opportunities was investigated in New Zealand [32].…”

Section: Dsm In Developed and Developing Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy-saving behaviour as a demand-side management strategy in the developing world: the case of Bangladesh

Khan

2019

Int J Energy Environ Eng

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Although demand-side management (DSM) needs to be more customer centred, either with or without smart technologies (e.g. smart grid), less attention has been paid to the developing world in relation to DSM strategy development. The main reasons have been lack of appropriate technology and capital costs. Importantly, there are alternative DSM strategies that require minimum or no cost to implement and provide immediate results, of which energy-saving behaviour of the occupants at residences is one. This study explores the potentiality of this energy-saving behaviour as a DSM strategy for the least developed economies, focusing particularly on Bangladesh. The literature suggests that energy-saving behaviour could reduce energy demand by a maximum of 21.9%. However, this potential DSM scheme seems underestimated in the national DSM programme of Bangladesh. The Energy Efficiency and Conservation Master Plan (EECMP) of Bangladesh (a DSM program) shows that efficiency improvement in the use of home appliances could reduce electricity demand in the residential sector by about 28.8%, but this does require a long time to be implemented, whereas the inclusion of energy-saving behaviour as a demand response strategy in residences along with the EECMP might achieve demand reduction of up to 50.7%. Although the findings from this study are specific to Bangladesh, these could be useful guidelines for the policymakers of other developing nations where national DSM strategy development is underway.

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Section: Dsm In Developed and Developing Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy-saving behaviour as a demand-side management strategy in the developing world: the case of Bangladesh

Khan

2019

Int J Energy Environ Eng

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“…Electric hot water cylinders for domestic hot water have a high penetration in many countries [40,41], and account for a large proportion of demand especially during peak times. For example, in New Zealand hot water cylinders are present in 88% of households, where they make up 30% of daily electricity demand and 50% of morning and evening peak demand [42]. Typical hot water cylinders have the capacity to store roughly 10 kWh of heat energy and are usually operated fully autonomously via a thermostat with pre-set temperature settings.…”

Section: Heating and Demand Flexibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Detailed comparison of energy-related time-use diaries and monitored residential electricity demand

Suomalainen

Eyers

Ford

et al. 2019

Energy and Buildings

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Understanding demand flexibility in the residential sector depends on understanding the causal link between household occupants' activities and resulting electricity demand. Self-reported electricity use via time-use diaries is often used as a direct descriptor of occupants' activities and has been integrated into residential electricity demand simulation models. Conversely, smart meter electricity demand data is increasingly used to infer occupants' activities. Underlying both these approaches are a number of unverified assumptions about people's perceptions of their energy use, the accuracy with which they report these activities and the physical operation of electrical devices. This paper carries out a comparison between self-reported energy-related activities and monitored electricity demand in 15 households over a week-long time period, with focus on electric hot water cylinders and heat pumps as appliances with large potential for demand flexibility. This comparison quantifies the extent to which selfreported activity is a predictor of electricity demand and conversely, whether electricity demand can accurately identify occupant activity. Results show that,

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“…Scheduling schemes need to account for the device's thermal behaviour, water draw patterns and customer comfort and convenience (Gholizadeh and Aravinthan, 2016;Roux et al, 2018). Thermal models for water heaters, and algorithms for their control, are described extensively in the literature for smart grid applications (Goh and Apt, 2004;Nehrir et al, 2007;Du and Lu, 2011;Lu et al, 2011;Diao et al, 2012;Diduch et al, 2012;Booysen et al, 2013;Boudreaux et al, 2014;Nel et al, 2016a;Kepplinger et al, 2015;Gholizadeh and Aravinthan, 2016;Zuniga et al, 2017;Ahmed et al, 2018;Hohne et al, 2018;Jack et al, 2018;Kapsalis et al, 2018;Lunacek et al, 2018;Kepplinger et al, 2019;Gerber et al, 2019). However, only rarely are the proposed models explicitly considered as a means to reduce the overall energy used for water heating, and the resulting greenhouse gas emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How much energy can optimal control of domestic water heating save?

Booysen

Engelbrecht

Ritchie

et al. 2019

Energy for Sustainable Development

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Scheduled control of domestic electric water heaters, designed to cut energy use while minimising the impact on users' comfort and convenience, has been fairly common for some time in a number of countries. The aim is usually load-shifting (by heating water at off-peak times) and/or maximising time-of-use pricing benefits for users. The scheduling tends not to be linked to actual hot water usage and depends largely on stored thermal energy. Heat losses therefore tend to be greater than if the heater ran without a break. The effect of such a control strategy is thus to worsen the energy loss and in most cases increase greenhouse gas emissions. Many developing countries have flat-pricing (no time-of-use incentives) and rely heavily on energy from fossil fuels, making these considerations even more pressing. We explore three strategies for optimal control of domestic water heating that do not use thermostat control: matching the delivery temperature in the hot water, matching the energy delivered in the hot water, and a variation of the second strategy which provides for Legionella sterilisation. For each of these strategies we examine the energy used in heating, the energy delivered at the tank outlet, and issues of convenience to the user. The study differs from most previous work in that it uses real daily hot-water usage profiles, ensures like-for-like comparison in delivered energy at the point of use, and includes a daily Legionella avoidance strategy. We tackled this as an optimal control problem using dynamic programming. Our results demonstrate a median energy saving of between 8% and 18% for the three strategies. Even more savings would be realised if intended and unintended usage events are correctly classified, and the optimal control only plans for intended usage events.

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A minimal simulation of the electricity demand of a domestic hot water cylinder for smart control

Cited by 30 publications

References 40 publications

Energy-saving behaviour as a demand-side management strategy in the developing world: the case of Bangladesh

Energy-saving behaviour as a demand-side management strategy in the developing world: the case of Bangladesh

Detailed comparison of energy-related time-use diaries and monitored residential electricity demand

How much energy can optimal control of domestic water heating save?

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