A Miniaturized Tri-Wideband Sierpinski Hexagonal-Shaped Fractal Antenna for Wireless Communication Applications

Benkhadda, Omaima; Saih, Mohamed; Ahmad, Sarosh; Al-Gburi, Ahmed Jamal Abdullah; Zakaria, Zahriladha; Chaji, Kebir; Reha, Abdelati

doi:10.3390/fractalfract7020115

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Figure 2a depicts a fractal structure used to design a sole antenna element. A spherical patch of radius A is utilized as the basis structure in step 1 (0th iteration), and its dimensions are determined using Equation (1).…”

Section: Single Antenna Design Evolution Stepsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most recent and impressive development in cellular technology is the fifthgeneration (5G) wireless technology, which is anticipated to significantly enhance the speed of wireless networks, among other notable improvements. Furthermore, the implementation of 5G technology is expected to yield increased bandwidth and enhanced antenna technology, hence facilitating the transmission of significantly larger volumes of data through wireless systems [1,2]. The 5G New Radio (NR) incorporates various frequency bands, including N257 (26.5-29.5 GHz), N258 (24.25-27.5 GHz), and N261 (27.5-28.35 GHz), which are specifically designated for millimeter wave (mm wave) 5G applications [3,4].The 5G wireless technology system comprises two primary components, namely the core network and the radio access network.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design of a Modified MIMO Antenna Based on Tweaked Spherical Fractal Geometry for 5G New Radio (NR) Band N258 (24.25–27.25 GHz) Applications

Bisht,

Malik,

Das

et al. 2023

Fractal Fract

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This article describes a fractal-based MIMO antenna for 5G mm-wave mobile applications with micro-strip feeding. The proposed structure is a fractal-based spherical configuration that incorporates spherical slots of different iterations on the patch, as well as rectangular slots on the ground plane. These additions are meant to reduce patch isolation. The two-element MIMO antenna has closely spaced antenna elements that resonate at multiple frequencies, 9.5 GHz, 11.1 GHz, 13.4 GHz, 15.8 GHz, 21.1 GHz, and 26.6 GHz, in the frequency range of 8 to 28 GHz. The antenna’s broadest operational frequency range spans from 17.7 GHz to 28 GHz, encompassing a bandwidth of 10,300 MHz. Consequently, it is well-suited for utilization within the millimeter wave (mm wave) application, specifically for the 5G new radio frequency band n258, and partially covers some other bands X (8.9–9.9 GHz, 10.4–11.4 GHz), and Ku (13.1–13.7 GHz, 15.4–16.2 GHz). All the resonating bands have isolation levels below the acceptable range of (|S12| > −16 dB). The proposed antenna utilizes a FR4 material with dimension of 28.22 mm × 44 mm. An investigation is conducted to analyze the effectiveness of parameters of the antenna, including radiation pattern, surface current distributions and S parameters. Furthermore, an examination and assessment are conducted on the efficacy of the diversity system inside the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) framework. This evaluation encompasses the analysis of key performance metrics such as the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), and mean effective gain (MEG). All antenna characteristics are determined to be within a suitable range for this suggested MIMO arrangement. The antenna design underwent experimental validation and the simulated outcomes were subsequently verified.

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Section: Single Antenna Design Evolution Stepsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of a Modified MIMO Antenna Based on Tweaked Spherical Fractal Geometry for 5G New Radio (NR) Band N258 (24.25–27.25 GHz) Applications

Bisht,

Malik,

Das

et al. 2023

Fractal Fract

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“…Benkhadda et al [38], investigated a tri-wideband Sierpinski hexagonal fractal antenna with a modified ground plane for wireless communication applications. The frequency ranges where the examined antenna worked were 2.19-4.43 GHz, 4.8-7.76 GHz, and 8.04-11.32 GHz.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel design of triangular-shaped hexagonal fractal antenna for satellite communication

2023

IJATEE

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Modern telecommunications systems required antennae along with wider bandwidths including the smaller dimension as compared to conventional possibly antennas [1,2]. It has initiated the antenna's research in various directions, one form which utilizes the fractal shape antenna's element [3,4]. There exist important relations between antenna dimensions and wavelengths. The relation states that if an antenna's sizes are lesser than the λ/4 then the antenna isn't effective because of the radiation's resistances, and gains, as well as the bandwidth, gets reduced [5,6]. Further, to overcome the limitation of the antenna's size got increased, which again problems with the handheld device. *Author for correspondence Fractal geometry is considered a pragmatic solution for the existing aforementioned problem [79]. The term fractal means the irregular or broken fragment. This is defined from Benoit's Mandelbrot derived from the Latin word 'fractus' that means fracture or the broken [1012]. The Fractal's antennas get inspired by the nature. A fractal antenna has two main properties that are space-filling as well as self-similarities [1315]. The space-filling properties reduced the size of antennas and this makes antennas electronically larger in the smaller physical spaces [1618]. Self-similarities property means that the patches of the antennas are subdivided into small parts as well as every smaller part is the smallest portion of the reduced sizes of main geometries [1922].

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“…Departing from the conventional use of metal mesh as a ground plate [33,34], this approach positions the metal mesh at the top layer to simultaneously enhance flexibility and transparency. Fractals are commonly used in electronic devices to enable multi-band operation or miniaturization [35][36][37][38][39]. In this study, fractals were used to optimize the resonant frequency within the targeted X-band.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screen-Printed Metamaterial Absorber Using Fractal Metal Mesh for Optical Transparency and Flexibility

Choi,

Lim,

Lim

2024

Fractal Fract

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In stealth applications, there is a growing emphasis on the development of radar-absorbing structures that are efficient, flexible, and optically transparent. This study proposes a screen-printed metamaterial absorber (MMA) on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates using indium tin oxide (ITO) as the grounding layer, which achieves both optical transparency and flexibility. These materials and methods enhance the overall flexibility and transparency of MMA. To address the limited transparency caused by the silver nanoparticle ink for the top pattern, a metal mesh was incorporated to reduce the area ratio of the printed patterns, thereby enhancing transparency. By incrementing the fractal order of the structure, we optimized the operating frequency to target the X-band, which is most commonly used in radar detection. The proposed MMA demonstrates remarkable performance, with a measured absorption of 91.99% at 8.85 GHz and an average optical transmittance of 46.70% across the visible light spectrum (450 to 700 nm), indicating its potential for applications in transparent windows or drone stealth.

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A Miniaturized Tri-Wideband Sierpinski Hexagonal-Shaped Fractal Antenna for Wireless Communication Applications

Cited by 12 publications

References 37 publications

Design of a Modified MIMO Antenna Based on Tweaked Spherical Fractal Geometry for 5G New Radio (NR) Band N258 (24.25–27.25 GHz) Applications

Design of a Modified MIMO Antenna Based on Tweaked Spherical Fractal Geometry for 5G New Radio (NR) Band N258 (24.25–27.25 GHz) Applications

A novel design of triangular-shaped hexagonal fractal antenna for satellite communication

Screen-Printed Metamaterial Absorber Using Fractal Metal Mesh for Optical Transparency and Flexibility

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