A Miniaturized Carbon Black‐based Electrochemical Sensor for Chlorine Dioxide Detection in Swimming Pool Water

Abstract

The recent trend of using sustainable disinfectants in water treatment sector boosted the employment of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) as green disinfectant. Indeed, this disinfectant is characterised by several attractive features such as the working capability in a wide range of pH and the absence of harmful by‐products. These characteristics confer to chlorine dioxide a prominent position between the disinfectants, thus analytical tools for on‐site detection are needed to customize the water treatment. Herein, we described the development of an innovative and cost‐effective carbon black modified screen‐printed electrode for amperometric quantification of chlorine dioxide in standard solution and in swimming pool water. The carbon black as working electrode nanomodifier allowed for the detection of chlorine dioxide at low applied potential, with linear range of 0.05–20 ppm, and a detection limit of 0.01 ppm. The matrix effect evaluation as well as the recovery study demonstrated the capability of this sensor for a cost‐effective detection of chlorine dioxide in swimming pool water, paving the way for the use of miniaturised electrochemical sensors in water treatment field.

Carbon‐Based Electrochemical‐Free Chlorine Sensors

“…Several free chlorine sensors were fabricated through simpler means as opposed to the previously mentioned methods. [61,72,81,115,116] The base materials that were purchased may have been originally fabricated through CVD, thermal or mechanical processes, or simpler methods such as the scotch-tape method, the main fabrication steps of the sensors themselves were found to be very simple using minimal or no chemicals or dedicated equipment. Given that there are no definitive parameters for simple and cost-effective fabrication methods, this section will detail the fabrication of various sensors which do not fall under the previous sections.…”

Recent Advances on Electrochemical Sensors for Detection of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs)

“…The sensor showed a detection limit of 8.6 nM. Another electrochemical sensor with a carbon black-modified SPCE was used as the working electrode (CB-SPCE) for the detection of ClO2 − [130]. The sensor could detect ClO2 − at a limit of detection of 0.01 ppm and linear range of 0.05-20 ppm.…”

Biodegradable asparagine–graphene oxide free chlorine sensors fabricated using solution-based processing

“…8,10 The current standard for measuring free chlorine requires the use of N,N′-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPD), but this method is toxic, prone to error, expensive, and not user friendly. 11,12 Many other techniques were developed for measuring free chlorine concentration in water, such as luminescence, 13 chemiluminescene, 14 fluorescence, 15 or colorimetric methods, 16 and there is also a growing interest in electrochemical techniques where most methods are either voltammetric [17][18][19][20][21] or amperometric, 12,19,[22][23][24][25][26][27] and the rest implement other forms of electrochemical methods such as chemiresistance, 28 potentiometry, 29 and a transistor channel current response. 30 Among these electrochemical sensors, some of the most promising ones are made of gold, 12,31 carbon nanotubes, 28 and especially graphene with various functionalized materials such as polydopamine 32 and ammonium carbamate, 24 as well as carbon ink functionalized with ammonium carbamate.…”