A miniaturized branch-line hybrid coupler microstrip for long term evolution applications

Moubadir, Mahmoud; Aziz, Hicham; Touhami, Naima Amar; Adnane, M.

doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2018.03.075

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…However, the bends introduced in the design resulted in a shift of center frequency and required a high optimization level. A miniaturized BLC for LTE application is proposed in [39]. In this article, the conventional λ/4 TLs were replaced by U and Tshaped TL sections, as illustrated in Fig.…”

Section: ) Single-band Blcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Developments of Butler Matrix From Components Design Evolution to System Integration for 5G Beamforming Applications: A Survey

et al. 2022

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Beamforming networks for multiple beam antennas are believed to be in the vanguard of technological developments in mmWave for 5G wireless applications. The basic idea of beamforming technique is the application of multiple antenna elements radiating the same signal at an identical phase and wavelength, into one strong signal pointed to a specific direction. For low cost and power consumption, radio frequency beamforming networks (RF-BFNs) such as Blass matrices, Butler matrices, and Nolen matrices will play a critical role in achieving the ever-increasing demands in wireless technology. Therefore, this study aims to present a comprehensive survey and developments of RF-BFNs with (particular focus in Butler matrices). From the fundamental perspectives of the beamforming techniques and progress over time, component evolution includes branch-line coupler (BLC), Phase shifter (PS), and Crossovers to complete system Butler matrix (BM) integration. Different design techniques to improve bandwidth, size reduction, multi-band, and other performance characteristics are discussed extensively. Furthermore, the paper also discusses different geometry of Butler matrices in open microstrip transmission lines, substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) and gap waveguide (GWG) technologies highlighting key developments and research challenges from single band to dual-band operations. We expect this paper to provide more profound insights into the designs processes and suggest suitable ways to facilitate further developments of RF-beamforming networks at mmWave and sub-mmWave frequency ranges.INDEX TERMS Beamforming networks (BFNs), Butler matrix (BM), fifth-generation (5G), metamaterial (MTM), millimetre-waves (mmWave), substrate integrated waveguide (SIW), gap waveguide (GWG), ridge gap waveguide (RGW), groove gap waveguide (GGW).

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Section: ) Single-band Blcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Developments of Butler Matrix From Components Design Evolution to System Integration for 5G Beamforming Applications: A Survey

et al. 2022

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“…The increasing of inductances and capacitances with the same ratio causes reducing phase velocity while a characteristic impedance of the coupler is unchanged. Also, lumped-element hybrid couplers use for reducing the circuit size of branch-line hybrid couplers [18]- [19]. Lumped-element circuits are realized by using (12)…”

Section: Design and Implementation Of 3-db Quadrature Hybrid Couplersmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Balanced RF Power Amplifier using the Improvement 3-dB Quadrature Hybrid Couplers for Mitigation of the Reverse Intermodulation in FM Broadcasting Systems

Hantula¹,

Tongta²

2019

Adv. sci. technol. eng. syst. j.

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FM broadcast stations generate reverse intermodulation signals that cause communication problems between ATC controllers and pilots in the Air Traffic Control systems (ATC) inThailand. In this paper proposes a balanced RF power amplifier using the improvement 3-dB quadrature hybrid couplers to reduce the reverse intermodulation of FM broadcasting systems. The mathematics analysis of the balanced RF power amplifier for two closely located FM stations shows that can reduce the reverse intermodulation products. A reverse signal from nearby FM stations travels into two amplifiers of a balanced amplifier that create intermodulation signals. The quadrature hybrid coupler in a balanced RF amplifier to provide intermodulation signals of two amplifiers have a 180˚ out-of-phase which cause reducing intermodulation signals. In this paper designs 3-dB quadrature hybrid couplers for a proposed RF balanced amplifier. The low-cost PCBs are used to make prototype couplers. The proposed couplers are provided experimental results of return losses that are lower than -15 dB. The directed port has a coupling coefficient -3.3 dB and the coupled port has a coupling coefficient -3.4 dB. The prototype couplers are applied to a balanced amplifier that obtains a maximum output power 210 watts with 17.20 dB gain. A proposed balanced RF amplifier is measured the reverse intermodulation products of with a situation of two closely located FM broadcast stations to compare with a single-stage class-C amplifier. The experimentation demonstrates of the transmitter using a balanced RF power amplifier that can reduce an intermodulation product 18.47 dBc.

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“…When port 1 is fed, the power will be divided equally between each port with a phase difference of 90° 2 . This component combines or divides the power of the transmitted and received RF and microwave signals while providing high isolation between the ports 3 . The main function of the hybrid coupler is to divide the power equally between the two output ports and the coupled port.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of hybrid couplers: State‐of‐the‐art, applications, design issues and challenges

Abdulbari

Rahim

Soh

et al. 2021

Int J Numerical Modelling

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In recent years, the hybrid branch‐line coupler has attracted much attention due to its appealing features such as of low cost and ease in fabrication for wireless communications. The fifth‐generation cellular networks promise to support several wireless technologies by capitalizing a multitude of frequencies and increase data rates. To achieve that, the butler matrix technique can be used to enhance both bandwidth and data rate with the implementation of beamforming. Conventional hybrid couplers are the main component to build a butler matrix, but they are generally bulky in size and narrow in bandwidth. Moreover, requirements imposed by newer wireless technologies makes the efforts in improving size compactness and bandwidth even more challenging. On the other hand, several techniques have been proposed in literature to solve both issues. This study focuses on the design challenges and issues of hybrid coupler designs and technologies, besides underlining their promising potential. In this context, several techniques for hybrid coupler to achieve the required bandwidth and size reduction are highlighted, such as the T‐shape, meander line, two sections, three‐section, and parallel couple lines.

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A miniaturized branch-line hybrid coupler microstrip for long term evolution applications

Cited by 10 publications

References 8 publications

Recent Developments of Butler Matrix From Components Design Evolution to System Integration for 5G Beamforming Applications: A Survey

Recent Developments of Butler Matrix From Components Design Evolution to System Integration for 5G Beamforming Applications: A Survey

A Balanced RF Power Amplifier using the Improvement 3-dB Quadrature Hybrid Couplers for Mitigation of the Reverse Intermodulation in FM Broadcasting Systems

A review of hybrid couplers: State‐of‐the‐art, applications, design issues and challenges

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