A Mini-Sudoku Matrix-Based Data Embedding Scheme With High Payload

He, Mingze; Liu, Yanjun; Chang, Chin‐Chen; He, Mingyi

doi:10.1109/access.2019.2943616

Cited by 17 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…As the objectives of steganography are imperceptibility, robustness, embedding capacity of the hidden message, and resistance to tampering, the most commonly used procedure is to hide sensitive information inside a cover medium without incurring any increase in the data size and additional computational overhead. Considering these objectives, many information hiding techniques based on images have been discussed and studied in recent decades [8]- [11]. In 2004, Chan and Cheng proposed Least Significant Bit (LSB) substitution method [7] in which last 1 to 4 values of a binary cover pixel were replaced with secret data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Data Hiding Method Based on 3D Magic Cube

et al. 2020

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Medical records are extremely sensitive information and may cause a violation of patients' rights if the data is captured or altered. Such data requires uncompromising security during transmission or when the data is stored in medical datacenters. The most commonly used procedure is to hide sensitive information inside a cover medium without incurring any increase in data size or computational overhead. Even though many steganography techniques have been proposed in recent years, only a few have addressed issues related to protecting medical data. In this paper, we proposed a data hiding method based on magic cube generated using magic matrix. In the proposed method, 9 bits of secret data were embedded in each group of 4 pixels using secret keys that scattered values in the square template to make it more unpredictable. Experimental results showed that the proposed method achieved an embedding capacity of 2.25 bpp and an average PSNR of 44 dB outperforming previous methods. INDEX TERMS Steganography, magic cube, irreversible information hiding, magic matrix, embedding capacity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Data Hiding Method Based on 3D Magic Cube

et al. 2020

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“…It can be used to protect secret information by concealing it into cover images. These techniques can be broadly categorized into the transformed domain [5][6][7][8][9] and the spatial domain [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] methodologies. For the former class of methods, some commonly used transformations are the discrete cosine transform (DCT) [5,6], vector quantization (VQ) [7], and absolute moment block truncation coding (AMBTC) [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As for the latter class of methods, reference matrix-based algorithms have proved to be efficient in terms of the distortion versus capacity tradeoff. Common magic matrix-based steganographic schemes include the exploiting modified direction (EMD) [10,11], the turtle shell [12], the octagon-shaped shell [13], and the Sudoku [14][15][16][17] schemes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Maze Matrix-Based Secret Image Sharing Scheme with Cheater Detection

Chang

Horng

Shih

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Secret image sharing is a technique for sharing a secret message in such a fashion that stego image shadows are generated and distributed to individual participants. Without the complete set of shadows shared among all participants, the secret could not be deciphered. This technique may serve as a crucial means for protecting private data in massive Internet of things applications. This can be realized by distributing the stego image shadows to different devices on the Internet so that only the ones who are authorized to access these devices can extract the secret message. In this paper, we proposed a secret image sharing scheme based on a novel maze matrix. A pair of image shadows were produced by hiding secret data into two distinct cover images under the guidance of the maze matrix. A two-layered cheat detection mechanism was devised based on the special characteristics of the proposed maze matrix. In addition to the conventional joint cheating detection, the proposed scheme was able to identify the tampered shadow presented by a cheater without the information from other shadows. Furthermore, in order to improve time efficiency, we derived a pair of Lagrange polynomials to compute the exact pixel values of the shadow images instead of resorting to time-consuming and computationally expensive conventional searching strategies. Experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed secret sharing scheme and cheat detection mechanism.

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“…Some scholars introduced the magic matrix into data hiding schemes for increasing the payload, and thus, several types of magic matrix-based data hiding schemes were proposed, including the turtle-shell-based data hiding schemes [10]- [13], the Sudoku-based data hiding schemes [14]- [17], the squared-magic-based data hiding schemes [18]. Among these schemes, Chang et al's method [14] could embed a digit in the base-9 numeral system into one pixel pair by combining Sudoku.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Layer Mini-Sudoku Based High-Capacity Data Hiding Method

et al. 2020

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The main purpose of data hiding is to hide secret data imperceptibly into multimedia, ensuring secure data transmission. Existing magic matrix-based data hiding schemes cannot achieve satisfactory visual quality for a given low payload because they adopt a single-layer embedding (i.e., the fixed-sized reference matrix (RM) embedding), rather than adaptive multi-layer embedding (i.e., variable-sized RM embedding). To this end, we propose an adaptive data hiding scheme by constructing multi-layer RM using mini-Sudoku. Our scheme can adjust the number of layers (e.g., one, two, or more) of the RM to obtain the desired payload (i.e., low, moderate, or large payloads). In addition, our method also has the capability of obtaining the optimal number of layers of RM achieving the highest visual quality for a given payload. For each pixel pair, our scheme selects the optimal pair having the smallest Euclidean distance with this pair as its stego pair, resulting in a large decrease in distortion. Experimental results show that our proposed scheme can obtain various payloads, and more importantly, it can achieve better or comparable rate-distortion performance than several existing magic matrix-based data hiding schemes.

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A Mini-Sudoku Matrix-Based Data Embedding Scheme With High Payload

Cited by 17 publications

References 32 publications

Data Hiding Method Based on 3D Magic Cube

Data Hiding Method Based on 3D Magic Cube

A Maze Matrix-Based Secret Image Sharing Scheme with Cheater Detection

Multi-Layer Mini-Sudoku Based High-Capacity Data Hiding Method

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