A mini-review on pharmacological effects of ginsenoside Rb3, a marked saponin from Panax genus

Abstract

Ginsenoside Rb3 (G-Rb3) is one of the primary active compounds isolated from Panax ginseng Meyer, which belongs to protopanaxadiol ginsenosides (PPD). Based on the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of ginsenosides, the pentose structure of G-Rb3 limited itself to possess more pharmacological activity to a certain extent. However, pharmacokinetics show that G-Rb3 is processed through deglycosylation in the intestinal tract and converted into more active rare saponins, such as Compound K, F2, etc. A series of studies focused on neuroprotection and the cardiovascular system demonstrating its therapeutic potentials, which was achieved by diminishing oxidative stress and apoptosis. Therefore, more systematic and in-depth studies are needed to complete the pharmaceutical value and to promote its clinical applications. This article highlights the multiple pharmacological effects and mechanisms of G-Rb3 and prospects for its development. List of Abbreviations AUC:area under the plasma concentration vs. time curve; MRT: mean residence time; T max , t 1/2 : the elimination half-life.

Feeding foliar nano-selenium biofortified panax notoginseng could reduce the occurrence of glycolipid metabolism disorder in mice caused by high-fat diets

“…Nano-selenium biofortification acts the accumulation of Panax notoginseng saponins (Rb3, Rc, F2, Rb2, and Rf). According to various research, these saponins have the potential to alleviate cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders induced by HFD ( 28 – 30 ). Studies showed that selenium deficiency induces Keshan disease, which is characterized by cardiac hypertrophy and increased heart weight ( 31 ).…”

The Untapped Potential of Ginsenosides and American Ginseng Berry in Promoting Mental Health via the Gut–Brain Axis

“…Anti-diabetic, anticonvulsant, antitumor, cardioprotective, antidepressant [22] *B> [12,21] Rc Antiallergic [23], antioxidant [24], anti-inflammatory [25], SIRT1 activation [26] *B> [12] *B< [17] 1.51 ± 0.11 vs. 7.03 ± 2.15 [17]…”

“…Given the berry's high concentration of Rb3, Re, Rb2, and Rd, the ginsenosides with demonstrated antidepressant and neuroprotective effects [20,22,27,30,31], it could be expected that the berry has even a superior potential for mental health applications than the root. Still, root extracts and specific ginsenosides have been the subject of most research and have consistently demonstrated efficacy in vitro and in vivo models in the context of central nervous system diseases and depression [53,54].…”

Comparative Analysis of Volatile Compounds in the Flower Buds of Three Panax Species Using Fast Gas Chromatography Electronic Nose, Headspace-Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry, and Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Coupled with Multivariate Statistical Analysis

“…Previous research has found that versatile primary and secondary metabolites, including saponins, polysaccharides, flavonoids, amino acids, organic acids, and sterols, etc., are present in these plants. Among these, saponins are the primary bioactive components, exhibiting pharmacological effects on the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and immune system [1,2]. With the development of modern detection technology, active ingredients similar to those in the respective rhizomes and roots have been found in their flower parts [3,4].…”