A Mini Review on Microcystins and Bacterial Degradation

Massey, Isaac Yaw; Yang, Fei

doi:10.3390/toxins12040268

Cited by 80 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 129 publications

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“…S7 ). Bacterial degradation via a pathway that involves three hydrolysis enzymes (MlrA, MlrB and MlrC) and one oligopeptide transporter-like protein (MlrD) leads to the linearization of the cyclic MCs and NOD ( Bourne et al., 2001 ; Feng et al., 2016 ; Massey and Yang, 2020 ). Consequently, this lead to a significant reduction in toxicity and facilitates the transport of the linearized peptides across the bacterial cell wall ( Bourne et al., 2001 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid uptake and slow depuration: Health risks following cyanotoxin accumulation in mussels?

Camacho‐Muñoz

Waack

Turner

et al. 2021

Environmental Pollution

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Freshwater cyanobacteria produce highly toxic secondary metabolites, which can be transported downstream by rivers and waterways into the sea. Estuarine and coastal aquaculture sites exposed to toxic cyanobacteria raise concerns that shellfish may accumulate and transfer cyanotoxins in the food web. This study aims to describe the competitive pattern of uptake and depuration of a wide range of microcystins (MC-LR, MC-LF, MC-LW, MC-LY, [Asp3]-MC-LR/[Dha7]-MC-LR, MC-HilR) and nodularins (NOD cyclic and linear) within the common blue mussel Mytilus edulis exposed to a combined culture of Microcystis aeruginosa and Nodularia spumigena into the coastal environment. Different distribution profiles of MCs/NODs in the experimental system were observed. The majority of MCs/NODs were present intracellularly which is representative of healthy cyanobacterial cultures, with MC-LR and NOD the most abundant analogues. Higher removal rate was observed for NOD (≈96%) compared to MCs (≈50%) from the water phase. Accumulation of toxins in M. edulis was fast, reaching up to 3.4 μg/g shellfish tissue four days after the end of the 3-days exposure period, with NOD (1.72 μg/g) and MC-LR (0.74 μg/g) as the dominant toxins, followed by MC-LF (0.35 μg/g) and MC-LW (0.31 μg/g). Following the end of the exposure period depuration was incomplete after 27 days (0.49 μg/g of MCs/NODs). MCs/NODs were also present in faecal material and extrapallial fluid after 24 h of exposure with MCs the main contributors to the total cyanotoxin load in faecal material and NOD in the extrapallial fluid. Maximum concentration of MCs/NODs accumulated in a typical portion of mussels (20 mussels, ≈4 g each) was beyond greater the acute, seasonal and lifetime tolerable daily intake. Even after 27 days of depuration, consuming mussels harvested during even short term harmful algae blooms in close proximity to shellfish beds might carry a high health risk, highlighting the need for testing.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid uptake and slow depuration: Health risks following cyanotoxin accumulation in mussels?

Camacho‐Muñoz

Waack

Turner

et al. 2021

Environmental Pollution

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“…The most frequently reported CyanoHABs toxins are cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins microcystins (MCs) which have attracted worldwide studies. MCs most often found in water and to a lesser extent in desert environments are primarily produced by cyanobacteria species of the genera Microcystis , Anabaena , Aphanizomenon , Nostoc , Cylindrospermopsis, and Planktothrix [ 2 , 4 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exposure to MCs may severely damage mammalian organs including the liver, intestines, brain, heart, lungs, kidney and reproductive system. In addition, through the accumulation of these toxins, plants growth and yield may be threatened [ 5 , 15 , 31 ]. This may further exhibit moderate or high human health risk and intoxicate other organisms through food transfer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mini-Review on Detection Methods of Microcystins

Massey

Jia

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) produce microcystins (MCs) which are associated with animal and human hepatotoxicity. Over 270 variants of MC exist. MCs have been continually studied due of their toxic consequences. Monitoring water quality to assess the presence of MCs is of utmost importance although it is often difficult because CyanoHABs may generate multiple MC variants, and their low concentration in water. To effectively manage and control these toxins and prevent their health risks, sensitive, fast, and reliable methods capable of detecting MCs are required. This paper aims to review the three main analytical methods used to detect MCs ranging from biological (mouse bioassay), biochemical (protein phosphatase inhibition assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), and chemical (high performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, high performance capillary electrophoresis, and gas chromatography), as well as the newly emerging biosensor methods. In addition, the current state of these methods regarding their novel development and usage, as well as merits and limitations are presented. Finally, this paper also provides recommendations and future research directions towards method application and improvement.

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“…Of note, despite the ever-growing knowledge, at present, the proportion of known versus unknown phycotoxins is not clear [ 65 ]. Details of chemical structures, biosynthetic gene clusters, modes of action, associated medical syndromes, spread in aquatic algae and quantitative data on phycotoxins are accessible in a bulk of publications (e.g., [ 31 , 32 , 46 , 58 , 59 , 63 , 64 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ] among the many others). They are the basic source of information on toxins of different genera for the provided table, which presents a summary on toxin-producers from the ecological groups discussed in the review.…”

Section: Main Types Of Toxic Algal Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Algal Toxic Compounds and Their Aeroterrestrial, Airborne and other Extremophilic Producers with Attention to Soil and Plant Contamination: A Review

Gärtner

Stoyneva-Gärtner

Uzunov

2021

Toxins

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The review summarizes the available knowledge on toxins and their producers from rather disparate algal assemblages of aeroterrestrial, airborne and other versatile extreme environments (hot springs, deserts, ice, snow, caves, etc.) and on phycotoxins as contaminants of emergent concern in soil and plants. There is a growing body of evidence that algal toxins and their producers occur in all general types of extreme habitats, and cyanobacteria/cyanoprokaryotes dominate in most of them. Altogether, 55 toxigenic algal genera (47 cyanoprokaryotes) were enlisted, and our analysis showed that besides the “standard” toxins, routinely known from different waterbodies (microcystins, nodularins, anatoxins, saxitoxins, cylindrospermopsins, BMAA, etc.), they can produce some specific toxic compounds. Whether the toxic biomolecules are related with the harsh conditions on which algae have to thrive and what is their functional role may be answered by future studies. Therefore, we outline the gaps in knowledge and provide ideas for further research, considering, from one side, the health risk from phycotoxins on the background of the global warming and eutrophication and, from the other side, the current surge of interest which phycotoxins provoke due to their potential as novel compounds in medicine, pharmacy, cosmetics, bioremediation, agriculture and all aspects of biotechnological implications in human life.

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A Mini Review on Microcystins and Bacterial Degradation

Cited by 80 publications

References 129 publications

Rapid uptake and slow depuration: Health risks following cyanotoxin accumulation in mussels?

Rapid uptake and slow depuration: Health risks following cyanotoxin accumulation in mussels?

A Mini-Review on Detection Methods of Microcystins

Algal Toxic Compounds and Their Aeroterrestrial, Airborne and other Extremophilic Producers with Attention to Soil and Plant Contamination: A Review

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