A mini‐review on anticancer‐related properties of azithromycin and its potential activities in overcoming the challenges of glioblastoma

Abstract

The resistance, plasticity and heterogeneity of cancer cells, including glioblastoma (GB) cells, have prompted the investigation of various agents for possible adjuncts and alternatives to existing therapies. This includes a macrolide antibiotic, azithromycin (AZI). It possesses intriguing anticancer properties in a range of cancer models in vitro, such as antiproliferative, pro‐apoptotic, anti‐autophagy and anti‐angiogenic effects. In fact, AZI is renowned for its ability to eradicate cancer stem cells by inhibiting mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration. AZI‐containing regimens in cancer patients for different purposes have shown favourable (i.e., attributed to its antibacterial activity) and unfavourable outcomes. Whilst its direct anticancer effects have yet to be clinically proven. To that end, this review provides a summary of AZI anticancer studies and delineates its potential activities in overcoming the challenges of GB.

KATP channels are regulators of programmed cell death and targets for the creation of novel drugs against ischemia/reperfusion cardiac injury

“…There is evidence that diazoxide and pinacidil can protect H9c2 cardiac cells against high glucose‐induced injury by inhibiting necroptosis [134]. Autophagy is a regulated and reversible form of cell death that ensures cell survival under adverse conditions [135, 136]. However, long‐term autophagy is irreversible and resulted in cell death [135].…”