A Mini Review of Candida Species in Hospital Infection: Epidemiology,Virulence Factor and Drugs Resistance and Prophylaxis

Abstract

The introduction of more efficient diagnostic methods, new techniques in surgery and transplantation, antibiotics and chemotherapeutics more potent and novel materials for prostheses, catheters and probes significantly increased the life expectancy and quality of life of critically ill patients, on the other hand, hospital-acquired infections emerged as important iatrogenic complications. Invasive infections are a growing problem in public health hospitals in Brazil and worldwide. Among the various etiological agents found in the hospital environment, the genus Candida has been the third most frequently isolated pathogen. In general, invasive fungal infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality, difficulties in diagnosis, antimicrobial resistance, length of hospital stay and increased hospital costs. This mini review of the literature describes about epidemiology of hospital infection of Candida species, as well as its virulence factors and drugs resistance.

Antifungal Susceptibility of Non-albicans Candida Species in A Tertiary Care Hospital, Bulgaria

“…Out of 67 non-albicans Candida isolates obtained from clinical specimens, 27 (40.3%) were identified as C. glabrata, 10 (14.9%) -as C. tropicalis, 6 (8.9%)-as C. krusei and 6 (8.9%)as C. parapsilosis. The other species comprised overall 27% as follows: C. lusitaniae (4), C. lipolytica (4), C. guilliermondii (2), C. utilis (2), C. famata (2) and C. norvegensis, C. lambica, C. pelliculosa, C. kefyr (each one 1). From 27 C. glabrata isolates, 20 (74.1%) were recovered from urines.…”

“…This is a consequence of the frequent usage of broad-spectrum antibiotics, admission to critical care settings, invasive manipulations, surgical procedures, indwelling devices, transplantation, chemotherapy, immunosuppression, etc. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6). In the USA, the rate of fungal infections rose from 6% in 1980 to 10.4% in 1990 and about 80% of them were caused by Candida species (7) Also, the proportion of Candida spp.…”

Assessment of Speciation and Antifungal Susceptibility Testing in the Intensive Care Unit: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study Design.

“…according to the Centres for Disease Control, emphasizing Candidemia's gravity in the context of nosocomial infections [3]. In recent decades, there has been a discernible surge in nosocomial candidiasis, extending beyond tertiary care centers to impact community hospitals globally [4].…”