A migração circular como uma adaptação às alterações climáticas: re-conceituação dos novos programas para empregados estacionais na Nova Zelândia e Austrália

Abstract

This paper looks into an aspect of adaptation, namely the role of the circular migration as climate change adaptation. It focuses on two of the Pacific region’s recently well -known seasonal labor schemes, Namely Australia’s Seasonal Workers Program (SWP) and New Zealand ‘s recognized Seasonal Employer Scheme (RSE), and asks if beyond the current goals the schemes May be reconceptualsed as adaptation programs responsive not only towards developmental and economic Concerns but the wider (and interconnected With the first two) climate change challenges. According to MacDermott and Opeskin, labor mobility schemes, for the sending country focus on the “development perspective “such as (a) Employment Opportunities, (b) Regular benefits of Remittances and (c) skills enhancement, while receiving countries country can meet the challenges posed by labor shortages in seasonal industries where “a reliable workforce is lacking”.

Adaptation as biopolitics: Why state policies in Turkey do not reduce the vulnerability of seasonal agricultural workers to climate change

“…Turkey is not the only country using climate change adaptation or social policies to control labour circulation. Australia and New Zealand also promote temporary and circular migration (Brickenstein and Tabucanon, 2013;Bettini, 2014, p. 190) and so does the European Union, which introduced a new ''Seasonal Workers Directive,'' formally adopted by the European Parliament and Council in February 2014. According to the European Commission's ''EU Strategy on adaptation to climate change'' (2013), bilateral schemes such as that between Colombia and Spain designed to seasonally meet Catalonia's agricultural labour demand (de Moor, 2011), are important instruments in the context of adaptation to climate change.…”

Experiences of i-Kiribati with labor mobility schemes

“…A growing body of research suggests that international labor migration can represent a climate adaptation strategy, including for Pacific Island nations, by generating remittances, diversifying skills and livelihoods, enabling development and increased resilience in source countries, and establishing connections to overseas places (Remling, 2020). For example, Brickenstein and Tabucanon (2013) argue that circular migration via the RSE and SWP schemes can enable climate change adaptation by increasing the resilience of workers and through remittances which may be spent on children's education, improvements to dwellings and starting businesses. Others argue that new skills and experience of labor migrants are valued human capital that can be shared with the wider community and increase climate resilience (Dun et al, 2020).…”

“…For origin countries, remittance flows can be a key source of income (Curtain et al, 2016). This type of temporary labor migration is often referred to as “circular migration,” as the temporary stay in a host country can be repeated (UNECE, 2016; Brickenstein and Tabucanon, 2013). While studies to date have sought to understand the value of the Australian and New Zealand circular labor mobility schemes (see for example Bedford et al, 2017; World Bank, 2018; Dun et al, 2020; Curtain, 2021), very few have focused on i-Kiribati experiences in circular migration labor schemes.…”

Climate humanitarian visa: international migration opportunities as post-disaster humanitarian intervention

“…Both low-or high-skilled labor should be considered in humanitarian migration applications. The temporary and/or circular labor migration schemes such as those proposed by the European Union for third countries (European Commission 2007) or the Recognized Seasonal Employer (RSE) scheme implemented by New Zealand for foreigners can be a starting point in developing a program for skilled labor humanitarian migration (Brickenstein and Tabucanon 2013). In the case of Colombian temporary workers in Spain, the beneficiaries had support before and during their stay in Spain (de Moor 2011).…”