A microscope for hard x rays based on parabolic compound refractive lenses

Lengeler, B.; Schroer, Christian G.; Richwin, M.; Tümmler, J.; Drakopoulos, Michael; Snigirev, A.; Snigireva, Irina

doi:10.1063/1.124225

Cited by 271 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…0.2 mm) and by choosing a low-Z lens material Snigirev, Filseth et al, 1998;. If, in addition, the pro®le of the lens is a paraboloid of rotation, spherical aberration can be eliminated (Lengeler et al, , 1999. Under these conditions a focal length of 1 m and a transmission between 1 and 30% can be achieved as shown in this paper.…”

Section: !"A4%xmentioning

confidence: 84%

Imaging by parabolic refractive lenses in the hard X-ray range

Lengeler

Schroer

Tümmler

et al. 1999

J Synchrotron Radiat

386

321

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The manufacture and properties of compound refractive lenses (CRLs) for hard X-rays with parabolic pro®le are described. These novel lenses can be used up to $60 keV. A typical focal length is 1 m. They have a geometrical aperture of 1 mm and are best adapted to undulator beams at synchrotron radiation sources. The transmission ranges from a few % in aluminium CRLs up to about 30% expected in beryllium CRLs. The gain (ratio of the intensity in the focal spot relative to the intensity behind a pinhole of equal size) is larger than 100 for aluminium and larger than 1000 for beryllium CRLs. Due to their parabolic pro®le they are free of spherical aberration and are genuine imaging devices. The theory for imaging an X-ray source and an object illuminated by it has been developed, including the effects of attenuation (photoabsorption and Compton scattering) and of the roughness at the lens surface. Excellent agreement between theory and experiment has been found. With aluminium CRLs a lateral resolution in imaging of 0.3 mm has been achieved and a resolution below 0.1 mm can be expected for beryllium CRLs. The main ®elds of application of the refractive X-ray lenses are (i) microanalysis with a beam in the micrometre range for diffraction,¯uorescence, absorption, scattering; (ii) imaging in absorption and phase contrast of opaque objects which cannot tolerate sample preparation; (iii) coherent X-ray scattering.

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Section: !"A4%xmentioning

confidence: 84%

Imaging by parabolic refractive lenses in the hard X-ray range

Lengeler

Schroer

Tümmler

et al. 1999

J Synchrotron Radiat

386

321

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“…The introduction of compound refractive lenses (CRLs) (Snigirev et al, 1996;Vaughan et al, 2011) has extended fullfield X-ray microscopy to X-ray energies above 15 keV (Lengeler et al, 1999). With a numerical aperture of order 1 mrad, CRL-based objectives are well matched to the high brilliance of synchrotron beams.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With a numerical aperture of order 1 mrad, CRL-based objectives are well matched to the high brilliance of synchrotron beams. A range of methodologies have been developed: magnified bright-field imaging (Lengeler et al, 1999), Zernike contrast microscopy (Falch et al, 2018), high-resolution microscopy for imaging colloidal aggregates (Bosak et al, 2010) and dark-field microscopy, where orientation and strains of deeply embedded grains or domains are mapped in three dimensions (Simons et al, 2015(Simons et al, , 2016. At the same time, direct space imaging can be complemented by diffraction in the back focal plane (Bosak et al, 2010;Ershov et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The fractional Fourier transform as a simulation tool for lens-based X-ray microscopy

Pedersen

Simons

Detlefs

et al. 2018

J Synchrotron Radiat

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The fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) is introduced as a tool for numerical simulations of X-ray wavefront propagation. By removing the strict sampling requirements encountered in typical Fourier optics, simulations using the FrFT can be carried out with much decreased detail, allowing, for example, on-line simulation during experiments. Moreover, the additive index property of the FrFT allows the propagation through multiple optical components to be simulated in a single step, which is particularly useful for compound refractive lenses (CRLs). It is shown that it is possible to model the attenuation from the entire CRL using one or two effective apertures without loss of accuracy, greatly accelerating simulations involving CRLs. To demonstrate the applicability and accuracy of the FrFT, the imaging resolution of a CRL-based imaging system is estimated, and the FrFT approach is shown to be significantly more precise than comparable approaches using geometrical optics. Secondly, it is shown that extensive FrFT simulations of complex systems involving coherence and/or non-monochromatic sources can be carried out in minutes. Specifically, the chromatic aberrations as a function of source bandwidth are estimated, and it is found that the geometric optics greatly overestimates the aberration for energy bandwidths of around 1%.

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“…By scaling arguments and simulation we have estimated that a native ͑thinned͒ bilayer state could be resolved by Fresnel imaging by use of a projection setup with a divergent beam. A sensitivity of below 10 nm can be expected, using a moderate magnification z 2 / z 1 Յ 100, where z 1 is the distance of the membrane from the focus, e.g., created by compound refractive lenses 16,17 or an x-ray waveguide, 18,19 and z 2 is the distance between the sample and the detector. Disregarding possible radiation damage in such a focused beam, structural changes in the bilayer, e.g., resulting from external fields or ion concentrations in the two compartments, or from transport of molecules through the bilayer may then become accessible.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hard x-ray phase contrast imaging of black lipid membranes

Beerlink

Mell

Tolkiehn

et al. 2009

Applied Physics Letters

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We report hard x-ray phase contrast imaging of black lipid membranes, freely suspended over a micromachined aperture in an aqueous solution. Biomolecular and organic substances can thus be probed in hydrated environments by parallel beam propagation imaging, using coherent multi-kilo-electronvolt x-ray radiation. The width of the thinning film can be resolved from analysis of the intensity fringes in the Fresnel diffraction regime down to about 200 nm. The thinning process, in which solvent is expelled from the space in between two opposing monolayers, is monitored, and the domain walls between coexisting domains of swollen and thinned membrane patches are characterized.

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A microscope for hard x rays based on parabolic compound refractive lenses

Cited by 271 publications

References 20 publications

Imaging by parabolic refractive lenses in the hard X-ray range

Imaging by parabolic refractive lenses in the hard X-ray range

The fractional Fourier transform as a simulation tool for lens-based X-ray microscopy

Hard x-ray phase contrast imaging of black lipid membranes

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