A Micromethod for Determination of the Circulating Blood Volume in Chick Embryos

Rychter, Z; Kopecký, Martin; Lemež, L

doi:10.1038/1751126a0

Cited by 22 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Our observations of only a few isolated circulating cells at the early stages are consistent with the low hematocrits documented in the earliest stages of the circulation by the studies of Rychter et al in chicken embryos (Rychter et al, 1955) and more recently also in the mammalian circulation (McGrath et al, 2003). At later stages, echogenicity of blood increases significantly, because of nucleation and dimensions of the red blood cells.…”

Section: Observations Of Embryonic Blood Streamssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…We found Doppler signals from Stage 9 -12 hearts to be too weak to address this issue due in part to the paucity of reflective elements in the blood. Within the lumen of the heart and large vessels, only scattered circulating particles were visible (Supplemental Movie 2); these particles often displayed the echo appearance of being considerably larger than the red blood cells that will fill the vascular space subsequently and may represent yolk globules or "clumps" of circulating erythroblasts (Rychter et al, 1955). Tracking of these objects frame-byframe provided the opportunity to estimate particle velocity in the dorsal aortae.…”

Section: Looping Tubular Stages (Stage 9 -16)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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High‐frequency ultrasonographic imaging of avian cardiovascular development

McQuinn

Bratoeva

deAlmeida

et al. 2007

Developmental Dynamics

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The chick embryo has long been a favorite model system for morphologic and physiologic studies of the developing heart, largely because of its easy visualization and amenability to experimental manipulations. However, this advantage is diminished after 5 days of incubation, when rapidly growing chorioallantoic membranes reduce visibility of the embryo. Using high-frequency ultrasound, we show that chick embryonic cardiovascular structures can be readily visualized throughout the period of Stages 9 -39. At most stages of development, a simple ex ovo culture technique provided the best imaging opportunities. We have measured cardiac and vascular structures, blood flow velocities, and calculated ventricular volumes as early as Stage 11 with values comparable to those previously obtained using video microscopy. The endocardial and myocardial layers of the pre-septated heart are readily seen as well as the acellular layer of the cardiac jelly. Ventricular inflow in the pre-septated heart is biphasic, just as in the mature heart, and is converted to a monophasic

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Section: Observations Of Embryonic Blood Streamssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Looping Tubular Stages (Stage 9 -16)mentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐frequency ultrasonographic imaging of avian cardiovascular development

McQuinn

Bratoeva

deAlmeida

et al. 2007

Developmental Dynamics

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“…In the adult, red blood cells have a biconcave shape with fairly close packing amounting to roughly 45% of the volume of the blood. In the embryonic circulation, red blood cells are spherical shaped and make up low percentages (estimated 10-15%) of the volume of the blood in the early stages of development [63,83]. The hematocrit (percent blood cell volume) will alter the effective viscosity of the blood as well as its apparent viscosity.…”

Section: Review Of Fluid Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluid Dynamics of Heart Development

Santhanakrishnan

Miller

2011

Cell Biochem Biophys

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The morphology, muscle mechanics, fluid dynamics, conduction properties, and molecular biology of the developing embryonic heart have received much attention in recent years due to the importance of both fluid and elastic forces in shaping the heart as well as the striking relationship between the heart's evolution and development. Although few studies have directly addressed the connection between fluid dynamics and heart development, a number of studies suggest that fluids may play a key role in morphogenic signaling. For example, fluid shear stress may trigger biochemical cascades within the endothelial cells of the developing heart that regulate chamber and valve morphogenesis. Myocardial activity generates forces on the intracardiac blood, creating pressure gradients across the cardiac wall. These pressures may also serve as epigenetic signals. In this article, the fluid dynamics of the early stages of heart development is reviewed. The relevant work in cardiac morphology, muscle mechanics, regulatory networks, and electrophysiology is also reviewed in the context of intracardial fluid dynamics.

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“…The eggs were returned to a static incubator at 388C, 60% humidity, until ED10 at which time the CAM was fully developed. CAMs between ED10 and ED12 were used interchangeably since vessel distribution, development [10], and hematocrit [12] were now stable. On the day the experiment was performed, a Te¯on O-ring (8 mm inner diameter, 1.4 mm annular width) was placed on the CAM surface, demarcating an area of 50 mm 2 where individual blood vessels were clearly visible (Fig.…”

Section: Preparation Of Camsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hematocrit (Hc) and blood oxygenation levels in the CAM vary with embryonic age. For the relevant period ED10-ED12, Hc 0.2 [12]; arteriole and venule blood contain 70% HbO 2 and 95% HbO 2 , respectively.…”

Section: Damage In Arterioles and Venulesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vascular response to laser photothermolysis as a function of pulse duration, vessel type, and diameter: Implications for port wine stain laser therapy

et al. 2002

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The difference between initial arteriole and venule damage could be explained by the threefold higher absorption coefficient at 595 nm in (oxygen-poor!) arterioles. In human patients, PWS consist of ectatic venules (characterized by higher absorption), so that these considerations favor the use of 595-nm irradiation for laser photothermolysis. For optimal treatment of PWS it is proposed that t(p) be between 0.1 and 1.5 milliseconds. This is based on a modified relaxation time tau'(d), defined as the time required for heat conduction into the full thickness of the vessel wall, which is assumed to have a thickness DeltaD approximately 0.1D. The corresponding tau'(d) will be a factor of about six smaller than given in the literature. For vessels with D between 30 and 300 mum, tau'(d) ranges from 0.1 to 1.5 milliseconds.

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A Micromethod for Determination of the Circulating Blood Volume in Chick Embryos

Cited by 22 publications

References 2 publications

High‐frequency ultrasonographic imaging of avian cardiovascular development

High‐frequency ultrasonographic imaging of avian cardiovascular development

Fluid Dynamics of Heart Development

Vascular response to laser photothermolysis as a function of pulse duration, vessel type, and diameter: Implications for port wine stain laser therapy

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