A microfabricated atomic clock

Knappe, Svenja; Shah, Vishal; Schwindt, Peter D. D.; Hollberg, L.; Kitching, John; Liew, Li-Anne; Moreland, John

doi:10.1063/1.1787942

Cited by 596 publications

(333 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…To make a reasonable estimate of N , we start with the density of pure diamond: Note that in moving from a CW scheme with a single NV center to an ensemble of centers with pulsed excitation and detection, we gain almost six decades of improvement. Cited deviations are as follows: Al-ion clock [2,5]; Sr lattice clock [4]; thorium clock (theoretical) [35]; Cs chip clock [7]; TXCO and commercial Rb figures available from Stanford Research Systems (www.thinksrs.com); surface acoustic wave (SAW) oscillator is quote from Epson Toyocom Corporation EG-4101/4121CA datasheet. Pulsed echo NV samples are assumed to have 0.01 ppb NV center concentrations for a 1 mm 3 -sized sample.…”

Section: Fig 2 (Color Online)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Timekeeping with electron spin states in diamond

et al. 2013

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Frequency standards based on atomic states, such as Rb or Cs vapors, or single-trapped ions, are the most precise measures of time. Here we propose and analyze a precision oscillator approach based upon spins in a solid-state system, in particular, the nitrogen-vacancy defect in single-crystal diamond. We show that this system can have stability approaching portable atomic standards and is readily incorporable as a chip-scale device. Using a pulsed spin-echo technique, we anticipate an Allan deviation of σ y = 10 −7 τ −1/2 limited by thermally-induced strain variations; in the absence of such thermal fluctuations, the system is limited by spin dephasing and harbors an Allan deviation nearing ∼ 10 −12 τ −1/2 . Potential improvements based upon advanced diamond material processing, temperature stabilization, and nanophotonic engineering are discussed.

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Section: Fig 2 (Color Online)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To address this need, several groups have miniaturized these atomic standards on chip through the aid of modern microfabrication techniques applied to detectors and lasers [7][8][9]. Here, we propose a solid-state alternative based upon electronic spin states in the negatively charged nitrogenvacancy center (NV) center in diamond.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Timekeeping with electron spin states in diamond

et al. 2013

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“…Our overall goal is to achieve a miniature, low power atomic clock in the 10 cm 3 and 100 mW volume and power range, in order to get a miniature, low-power device [1][2][3][4][5]. In our size range, we do not need the miniaturization level achieved by MEMS technologies; this research intends to fabricate reference vapor cells of size ca.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dispensing and hermetic sealing Rb in a miniature reference cell for integrated atomic clocks

Vecchio

Venkatraman

Shea

et al. 2011

Sensors and Actuators A: Physical

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An innovative method for fabricating the reference cell for a Rubidium (Rb) integrated atomic clock is presented. This method uses low-temperature solder sealing technique for producing mini-cells of the size of 14 x 10 x 3 mm, suitable for Rb miniature atomic clocks. Top and bottom of the cell consists of two glass slides. An LTCC (Low-Temperature Cofired Ceramic) module of 2 mm thickness, equipped with a small reservoir for confining the Rb is placed in between the two walls, acting as a spacer, increasing the total volume of the cell. A solder ring joins together the LTCC and the top of the cell. This paper also presents a new technique for handling the Rb, which allows its safe handling and long storage. The alkali metal is stored inside a pool of dodecane, which protects it from oxidation. Pure liquid Rb is then dispensed inside the adjacent reservoir using a glass micropipette; finally, the cell is heated in vacuum, in order to carry out the sealing. The achieved sealing hermeticity was tested, without Rb, by sealing N2O gas and monitoring its pressure through absorbance measurements using FTIR spectroscopy. Hermeticity was also tested with Rb by integrating a pressure sensor in the LTCC module. This is a revised version, according to the referee's comments. Additionally, minor language mistakes were corrected, and precisions added. Dispensing and Hermetic Sealing Rb in a MiniaturePlease let me know in case you find anything missing during the review of the paper. Best regards Thomas Maeder AbstractAn innovative method for fabricating the reference cell for a Rubidium (Rb) integrated atomic clock is presented. This method uses low-temperature solder sealing technique for producing mini-cells of the size of 14 x 10 x 3 mm, suitable for Rb miniature atomic clocks. Top and bottom of the cell consists of two glass slides. An LTCC (Low-Temperature Cofired Ceramic) module of 2 mm thickness, equipped with a small reservoir for confining the Rb is placed in between the two walls, acting as a spacer, increasing the total volume of the cell. A solder ring joins together the LTCC and the top of the cell. This paper also presents a new technique for handling the Rb, which allows its safe handling and long storage. The alkali metal is stored inside a pool of dodecane, which protects it from oxidation. Pure liquid Rb is then dispensed inside the adjacent reservoir using a glass micropipette; finally, the cell is heated in vacuum, in order to carry out the sealing. The achieved sealing hermeticity was tested, without Rb, by sealing N 2 O gas and monitoring its pressure through absorbance measurements using FTIR spectroscopy. Hermeticity was also tested with Rb by integrating a pressure sensor in the LTCC module.

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“…Although the performance of Chip Scale Atomic Clocks (CSACs) [1] based on Coherent Population Trapping (CPT) has improved considerably over the past few years, CSACs suffer from drift caused by buffer-gas collisions and light shifts that limit their timing uncertainty to the level of one microsecond per day at best [2]. Our study aims to significantly reduce the two main sources of drift in CSACs while maintaining a compact physics package such that timing uncertainties of a few nanoseconds per day can be achieved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%