“…Push factors are those factors that push some away from wage-and-salary work or retirement and into self-employment. A number of scholars have identified key push factors such as unemployment, recessions, and short-run market conditions (Biehl, Gurley-Calvez, & Hill, 2013; Cahill, Giandrea, & Quinn, 2008). Push factors also include job loss or the loss of health or pension benefits (Blanchflower & Oswald, 1998; Moulton & Scott, 2016).…”