A methodological review for the selection and ecological restoration of riparian forests in agricultural sites

Abstract

The traditional planting system still consists in intensive use of pesticides in Brazil. In the case of the municipality of Bueno Brandão, southern Minas Gerais, Brazil, there is a high concentration of potato crops. Some of the physical characteristics of the area are important for the subject since it´s plenty of springs and watercourses and very steep and rich in hills slopes that may offer risks to water quality by pesticide runoff. The cultivation sites are often located near slopes greater than 20 % in permanent preservation areas (APP/PPA) or near these. The most common APPs in the region refer to 30m wide areas along the river banks and 50m around the springs The Antas River is the main water source for Bueno Brandão and its contamination would be very detrimental to the health to both rural and urban population. Water contamination can occur due to sediment transport along the slopes toward rivers and springs that are found degraded riparian areas, causing water quality loss. One alternative that reduces the incidence of this problem would be the systematic application of Federal Law 12.651/2012 and banning any use of pesticides in plantations near the water bodies, preventing their degradation. As an additional measure the riparian forests should be recovered along rivers and around springs. Nowadays there are degraded forestal areas and open spaces. So even when crop _ields are out of APPs if the scenario presents potentially steep slopes there is still risk of sediment transport towards rivers. This study presents a macro view and a micro view to guide the recovery of gaps in the riparian zone and make it more feasible. The Macro view is a methodology to select priority areas more apt to promote the protection of the waters that may be vulnerable to degradation, and therefore more quali_ied to ecological restoration. Aiming at the resolution of the macro view, different physical characteristics and agricultural uses were correlated and some values were assigned to the associated impacts of each occurrence. Seeking resolution of the micro issues a survey was conducted on techniques and methodologies within Brazilian and foreign literature aiming at ecological rehabilitation and the regain of ecological functions that had been altered. These methods and techniques may be used at the discretion of the executors responsible jointly or separately depending on the project budget and the peculiarities of the chosen area.

Thoughts on differentially carrying out land ecological restoration

“…、农业 土地 [9] 、工矿金属业开采场地 [10] 、植物 [11] 、湿地 [12] 等单一生态系统或自然地理要素的生态 修复，还包括对生态修复重要性 [7] 、指标 [13] 、影响 [14][15][16] 、措施 [17] 等的分析评价。 相对而言，我国的生态修复主要是围绕实践需求来开展相关研究工作，宏观层面的 研究相对较少。其中，王震洪等 [18] 划分了生态修复研究的三个历史阶段，梳理了国内外 关于生态修复理论研究和技术实践研究的相关成果，是为数不多的关于国土空间生态修 复的宏观研究工作。此后，诸多研究者围绕不同类型的受损生态系统开展了相关研究工 作。这些研究主要集中在矿区 [19][20][21] 、油田 [22] 、土壤 [23] 、水环境 [24][25][26][27][28][29][30] 、植物 [31] 、湿地 [32,33] 、草 原 [34] 、林地 [35,36] 生态修复等方面。总体来说，我国早期的生态修复研究更注重资源环境领 域的生态修复，后期关于景观生态修复的研究逐渐增多。从研究主题分析，已经开展的 生态修复研究多集中在生态修复的技术 [22] 、恢复效果评价 [37] 、适宜性 [38] 等方面。不过，近 年来不乏关于受损生态系统的自然修复 [39] 、生态修复对农户生计的影响 [40] [43] 。 随着各个领域科学技术的快速发展，生态修复的手段更为多样化。在生物修复的基 础上，研究者结合各种物理修复、化学修复以及工程技术的措施，通过优化组合，以期 使之达到最佳生态修复效果 [44] 。该时期，生态修复的类型主要有土壤污染的生态修复、 河流湖泊的生态修复 [29] 、退化森林的生态修复 [36] 、滨海湿地的生态修复 [33] 、矿区的生态修 复 [21] 等。不过，这些生态修复仍然以山、水、林、田、湖、草等单要素形式出现。 与传统的生态修复相比，国土空间体系下的生态修复以系统工程理论、景观生态学 理论、恢复生态学理论、人地关系论等作为理论支撑 [41] ，打破了以往各个部门治山、治 水、护田各自为战的工作格局，将山上山下、地上地下、陆地海洋以及流域上下游的整 体性保护与系统性修复相结合 [45] 。新时期国土空间生态修复手段更注重区域全要素的系 统性修复。 表 1 我国各个时期生态修复主要目标 [47] ， 干旱半干旱地区占全国陆地...…”