A Method of Determining the Warmth and Temperateness of Climate

Bailey, Harry P.

doi:10.2307/520173

Cited by 63 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…To control for this possibility, we included a number of measures of such risk including: (i) seasonality and productivity (latitude and effective temperature), (ii) vulnerability to catastrophic storms (total cyclones, and mean and total wind speeds for those cyclones for the past 10 years), and (iii) drought risk (mean annual number of rainy days and standard deviation in daily rainfall). Effective temperature is a measure created by Bailey (1960) and used by Binford (2001) and Collard et al (2005) as a measure of ecosystem abundance (see the electronic supplementary material for details). With the exception of Hawaii, all data on cyclones were gathered from Australian Severe Weather (2009).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population size predicts technological complexity in Oceania

2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Much human adaptation depends on the gradual accumulation of culturally transmitted knowledge and technology. Recent models of this process predict that large, well-connected populations will have more diverse and complex tool kits than small, isolated populations. While several examples of the loss of technology in small populations are consistent with this prediction, it found no support in two systematic quantitative tests. Both studies were based on data from continental populations in which contact rates were not available, and therefore these studies do not provide a test of the models. Here, we show that in Oceania, around the time of early European contact, islands with small populations had less complicated marine foraging technology. This finding suggests that explanations of existing cultural variation based on optimality models alone are incomplete because demography plays an important role in generating cumulative cultural adaptation. It also indicates that hominin populations with similar cognitive abilities may leave very different archaeological records, a conclusion that has important implications for our understanding of the origin of anatomically modern humans and their evolved psychology.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population size predicts technological complexity in Oceania

2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Climatologists also have a long tradition of investigating regime shift phenomena [12,40,41], however, with the concern that some sudden step changes in climate time series might be artefacts of the measurement system, for example due to a change in the measurement method or a relocation of a meteorological station. Therefore, climatologists have developed so-called homogenization methods to account for measurement artefacts [20,64], and embedded this approach into general procedures for simultaneous detection of climate change and observational bias [65].…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological thresholds and regime shifts: approaches to identification

Andersen

Carstensen²,

Hernández-Garcı́a

et al. 2009

Trends in Ecology & Evolution

658

519

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

There is an apparent gap between the prominence of present theoretical frameworks involving ecological thresholds and regime shifts, and the paucity of efforts to conduct simple tests and quantitative inferences on the actual appearance of such phenomena in ecological data. There is a wide range of statistical methods and analytical techniques now available that render these questions tractable, some of them even dating half a century back. Yet, their application has been sparse and confined within a narrow subset of cases of ecological regime shifts. Our objective is to raise awareness on the range of techniques available, and to their principles and limitations, in order to promote a more operational approach to the analysis of ecological thresholds and regime shifts. The observation that managed ecosystems often fail to respond smoothly to changing pressures has generated perplexity and eventually lead researchers to draw parallels between the behaviour of ecological systems and other complex systems with non-linear dynamics, such as the global climate, the human immune system, and the world economy (cf.[1] for a popular account). Initial reports of kelp forest disturbance and recovery [2], freshwater ecosystem shifts engineered by beavers [3], and vegetation shifts affected by fire [4] have lead on to an ever-growing research effort on ECOLOGICAL THRESHOLDS and REGIME SHIFTS (see Glossary), whose underlying theoretical framework [5,6] (Box 1) has been shown to be applicable to a broad range of ecosystems from coral reefs to forests and lakes [7,8]. These concepts are now also making their way into the minds and discussions of policy makers and might soon be translated into legislative frameworks [9].Ecological regime shifts can be defined as abrupt changes on several trophic levels [10], leading to rapid ecosystem reconfiguration between alternative states. These shifts are generally thought to be driven by external perturbations (e.g. climatic fluctuations, overexploitation, eutrophication, and invasive species), but the exact mechanism is often unclear. The subject has become a fast growing scientific discipline, manifested by a 12-fold increase in publications between 1991 and 2006, twice as fast as the growth rate of research effort in ecology as a whole (7.7 % year -1 , ISI Web of Science). Most of the reported cases of ecological regime shifts are inferred from time series of monitoring data, while direct evidence by controlled experiments of the existence of alternative states is difficult to find [11]. Surprisingly, the general techniques available to test for regime shifts and thresholds have only to a limited extent been applied to these data sets. As formal tests of regime shifts have a long history in the context of climate change research (e.g. that formal statistical tests for ecological regime shifts have mostly been restricted to the effects of climate change on marine communities [13]. These observations suggest that there is a need to increase the awareness of ecologists on the availability...

show abstract

“…The present analysis of zonal climates uses the system of bioclimatology by Bailey (1960Bailey ( , 1964Bailey ( , 1966. This system has been applied intensively to modern aborescent ve ge tation in mid-latitudes (Axelrod 1965, 1968, Greller 1989, in a tropical area (Greller & Balasubramaniam 1988), and in near-shore paleontology (Hall 2002).…”

Section: E T H O D S Bioclimatic Analysis (From Greller 1989)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Se ve ral thermal characteristics have proved useful in distin gui shing vegetation, especially humid forests. Two of these cha racte ristics are the Warmth (W) of climate and its Tem perate ness (M), which were defined and quantified by Bailey (1960Bailey ( , 1966.…”

Section: E T H O D S Bioclimatic Analysis (From Greller 1989)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate and Regional Composition of Deciduous Forest in Eastern North America and Comparisons with Some Asian Forests

Greller¹

2013

Bot Pac

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A Method of Determining the Warmth and Temperateness of Climate

Cited by 63 publications

References 0 publications

Population size predicts technological complexity in Oceania

Population size predicts technological complexity in Oceania

Ecological thresholds and regime shifts: approaches to identification

Climate and Regional Composition of Deciduous Forest in Eastern North America and Comparisons with Some Asian Forests

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About