A Method for the Determination of Ethyl Alcohol.

Friedemann, Theodore E.; Ritchie, Earl B.

doi:10.3181/00379727-30-6524

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The potassium was estimated by the method of Shohl and Bennett (11) (13). The blood alcohol was determined by the method of Friedemann and Klaas (15). The macro-Kjeldahl method was employed for the determination of the nitrogen, in the plasma, urine, and stools (13).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Alcohol on the Water and Electrolyte Balance in Man

Nicholson¹,

Taylor²

1938

J. Clin. Invest.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The work presented here was undertaken primarily for the purpose of ascertaining the effect of alcohol in moderate quantities on the water and salt balance in man. It is a commonly observed fact that alcohol in man produces a diuresis and MacNider and Donnelly (1) have shown this to be the case in dogs. It is likewise well known that thirst is a prominent symptom during the recovery phase of acute alcoholism. No balance studies have been made of this condition, and it was thought that data could be collected which would explain some of the features observed.Alterations in the acid-base balance after the ingestion of alcohol was first shown by Thomas (2) in 1898, who reported that the carbon dioxide content and carbon dioxide capacity of the blood was diminished. Himwich and coworkers (3) in 1933, made observations on the acid-base balance in dogs and in man after feeding alcohol. Their studies were made over short periods of time, and no attempt was made to study the electrolyte balance; however, they observed no change in the total base or chlorides of the serum. They found that there was a reduction in the carbon dioxide content and carbon dioxide capacity of the blood which was accompanied by a fall in the blood pH. There was also an increase in the blood lactic acid and sugar. It was their belief that the increase in lactic acid was brought about by the conversion of muscle glycogen to lactic acid by the action of alcohol. Futer and coworkers (4) in short experiments on dogs noted a fall in the carbon dioxide capacity, an increase in the blood sugar, and an increase in the blood potassium content. Gojcher and coworkers (5) reported the same findings in chronic alcoholism in man, but made no attempt to study the excretion of the electrolytes.Wakai (6) using rabbits, was able to show that the serum protein concentration was decreased and was accompanied by a decrease in the serum and blood viscosity after the feeding of alcohol. Levin (7) has shown that in man the ingestion of alcohol caused an increase in blood volume in certain instances. EXPERIMENTAL Healthy, young, adult male volunteers were used in the experiments. They were allowed to carry on their usual routine as students. A constant diet, which was prepared by the same individual throughout each experiment, was given. Two duplicate samples of the diet were analyzed for the potassium, sodium, chloride, water, and nitrogen content. The time at which fluid was taken and the amount were constant for each day throughout the experiment. A weighed amount of sodium chloride was supplied to the subject for use on his food for the day, and all food was consumed.In order to determine the changes that might occur in periods shorter than 24 hours, the day was divided into three 8-hour periods. The urine was collected for each of the 8-hour periods, toluene added as a preservative, and the specimens were kept in the ice box until used. The stools were collected for 24-hour periods. The blood samples were collected anaerobically, heparin being used as the anticoagu...

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Alcohol on the Water and Electrolyte Balance in Man

Nicholson¹,

Taylor²

1938

J. Clin. Invest.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…steam distillate; the identity of the volatile acid was checked by Duclaux distillation when necessary. 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone [acetylmethylcarbinol (AMC)] was determined by the method of Westerfeld (1945); acetaldehyde by the method of Barker & Summerson (1941) ; ethanol by oxidation of volatile neutral substances with dichromate and sulphuric acid, except when it was desired to eliminate AMC in which case a preliminary distillation from alkaline mercuric salts was performed as described by Friedemann & Klass (1936). Glucose was determined by the Shaffer-Somogyi method (1933); phosphorus by the method of Fiske & SubbaRow (1925) ; protein N by digestion of a trichloracetic precipitate (Ballentine & Gregg, 1947); pyruvate by the method of Friedemann & Haugen (1943).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene Interactions: the Mode of Action of the Suppressor of Acetate-requiring Mutants of Neurospora crassa

Strauss

Pierog

1954

Journal of General Microbiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARY : Certain single-gene acetate-requiring mutants of Neurospora crassa (ac) are deficient in their ability to oxidize pyruvate directly, but can decarboxylate pyruvate to acetaldehyde and can form ethanol. The growth characteristics of the nc mutants indicate that they can form acetate from glucose or ethanol. ac Mutants are inhibited by glucose or sucrose. This glucose inhibition is relieved by the singlegene suppressor mutations sp and car which lower the activity of pyruvic carboxylase, decrease the amount of ethanol formed and permit some growth of ac sp and accar strains in absence of added acetate. The sp mutation also lowers ethanol dehydrogenase activity, but this activity can be partially restored by growth of sp strains in the presence of ethanol. As a result of the nearly complete block in their pyruvate metabolism, ac sp strains are forced to metabolize glucose by pathways which produce more of the initial respiratory CO, from the C-1 carbon of glucose.While genetic theory is reticent about the embodiment of the gene (Pontecorvo, 1952) there is little doubt that the physiological effects of genes are mediated via enzymes. Genes, individually and en masse, control the rates of the step reactions from which multi-enzyme systems (Dixon, 1949) are built up, and in so doing determine the metabolic pathways chosen by the organism. I n many instances gene mutation causes the block, complete or incomplete, of a step reaction; the consequence of such a block is the accumulation of precursors and the appearance of a growth requirement for the product of the blocked reaction (Beadle, 1945).The commonest use for genetic mutants in biochemistry is the definition of routes of biosynthesis by a study of the growth requirements induced and the identification of the precursors accumulated (Horowitz, 1950). As interesting, perhaps, are the inhibitions produced by the accumulated precursors or by ' abnormal ' products derived from these precursors (Emerson, 1949;Bonner, 1946). If genes do control the rates of step reactions, it should be possible with a second mutation to relieve an inhibition induced by an initial mutation, if the second mutation prevents the formation of the inhibitor. Such relief by a second mutation would be denoted, genetically, as a suppressor or modifier effect and would be one of the many instances in which the effects of two co-existing mutant genes are not merely additive. The gene interaction in such a situation would not be the simple interaction of two genes present in the nucleus but would, rather, express the interaction of the enzymic reaction systems present in non-genic parts of the cell; such interactions would further demonstrate the interdependence of the biochemical reactions of the organism. These investigations demonstrate an example of gene interaction in wellknown metabolic pathways and indicate that the selection of one of several alternate pathways is here under genetic control; all this would again emphasize the importance to genetical theory of inhibition by naturall...

show abstract

“…The experiment was carried out over a period of 7 days and estimations were made of hourly I~.Q., Q~)' ,~, and air Qco2. In order to correlate the production of alcohol with the respiratory and fermentative activity of the organism, analyses of the alcohol content of the metabolism solutions on which the organism had been grown were carried out by the method of Friedemann and Klaas (1936). The results of the experiment are given in Table I.…”

Section: Effect Of Age Of Growth On Endogenous (Respiratory) and Exogmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Again the analogy to the mechanism in living yeast is very pronounced. Friedemann and Klaas (1936). Experiments were carried out at room temperature and alcohol determinations were made in triplicate on the suspension filtrates.…”

Section: Effect Of Age Of Growth On Endogenous (Respiratory) and Exogmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies in the Physiology of Fusaria. The Respiratory and Fermentative Mechanisms

Gould

Tytell

1941

Journal of General Physiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

1.Fusarium tricothecoides was selected for a study of the respiratory and fermentative activities of Fusaria. "Resting cell" suspensions were investigated by the Barcroft manometric technique. 2. The results of the investigation indicate clearly that the mechanism of endogenous metabolism (respiration) is distinct from the exogenous mechanism (fermentation). Anaerobically no significant CO2 production is apparent without added substrate. In the presence of glucose the anaerobic CO2 evolution is practically equal to the added CO2 evolved aerobically in the presence of added glucose. Low concentrations of iodoacetate or fluoride selectively poison the exogenous mechanism but do not affect the endogenous mechanism. Alcohol is not produced in the course of endogenous metabolism, but is produced in the presence of added glucose. 3. A study of the metabolism of the organism throughout its entire growth phase from 1 to 7 days has been made. 4. The ability of suspensions of Fusarium sp. H., obtained by growth on a variety of common substrates, to attack a large number of carbon sources with the production of exogenous CO2 was determined. It is found that organisms grown on glucose will attack only glucose, mannose, and fructose, but none of the common intermediary metabolites except pyruvic acid. Organisms grown on galactose attack galactose, as well as the other hexoses, indicating an adaptive mechanism. 5. An identical mechanism for the dissimilation of glucose, mannose, and galactose is indicated since no additive effects with these substrates were observed. Growths on non-hexose carbon sources attack glucose slightly under the experimental conditions with the evolution of CO2, but do not attack any other substrate. This would indicate a residual glucose-dissimilating mechanism in all growths investigated. 6. Striking similarities between the general metabolism of resting suspensions of Fusarium sp. H. and resting suspensions of yeast cells are apparent.

show abstract

A Method for the Determination of Ethyl Alcohol.

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

The Effect of Alcohol on the Water and Electrolyte Balance in Man

The Effect of Alcohol on the Water and Electrolyte Balance in Man

Gene Interactions: the Mode of Action of the Suppressor of Acetate-requiring Mutants of Neurospora crassa

Studies in the Physiology of Fusaria. The Respiratory and Fermentative Mechanisms

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About