A method for in vivo analysis of platinum after chemotherapy: with cisplatin

Abstract

A method to quantify the concentration of platinum in vivo by x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis is described. The measurement system consists of a roentgen apparatus, operated at 155 kV and 25 mA, and a high-purity germanium detector. In order to reduce the amount of scattered radiation in the detector the connecting links between the roentgen tube and scatterer, scatterer and patient, patient and detector, are arranged in a three-axial geometry with mutually orthogonal directions. With this system, quantification of platinum can be achieved with a minimum detectable concentration of 8 micrograms/g, for a measuring time of 30 min and an organ depth of 4 cm. The method can be used to follow the uptake and retention of platinum in patients treated with cisplatin, a frequently used cytostatic agent for tumour therapy.

In vivo applications of X-ray fluorescence in human subjects

“…This was followed up by system improvements and several major applications, but that will not be discussed here. In 1988, Jonson et al published their work on using polarized X-ray fluorescence to measure platinum [5], using this as a tool to track the kinetics of Pt in the context of using Pt-containing drugs in cancer chemotherapy. Some other groups also developed similar systems for Pt measurements.…”

Using Ionizing Radiation to Determine Trace Element Content in Living Human Subjects

“…The range of elements measured extends from iron (z=26) 9) to uranium (z=92) 10) . Other elements measured include arsenic 11) , silver 12) , cadmium 13) , platinum 14) , gold 15) and mercury 16) . The other element that will be considered here under the heading of x-ray fluorescence is strontium and the primary impetus for making such measurements is not its toxicity, but its beneficial effects in reducing the risk of fracture associated with osteoporosis.…”

The application of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in clinical pharmacological oncology research

“…The assays can be roughly divided into two groups. The first group comprises methods for the determination of total metal concentrations utilizing techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) (Vermorken, van der Vijgh, & Pinedo, 1980;Crul et al, 2001;Brouwers et al, 2006), voltammetry (Shearan & Smyth, 1988;Nygren et al, 1990;Gerl & Schierl, 2000;Gietema et al, 2000;Gelevert et al, 2001), differential pulse polarography (DPP) (Vrana, Brabec, & Kleinwachter, 1986), neutron activation analysis (NAA) (Xilei, Heydorn, & Rietz, 1992;Rietz, Heydorn, & Krarup-Hansen, 1994), X-ray spectrometry (Gorodetsky et al, 1993), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) (Stewart et al, 1982;Seifert et al, 1983;Jonson, Mattsson, & Unsgaard, 1988), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) (Dominici et al, 1986), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The second group includes methods for the speciation of the various Pt or Ru species.…”