A Method for Improving the Robustness of linear Kramers-Kronig Validity Tests

Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for biological analysis and food characterization: a review

“…(4) and (5) are not very useful since the integral must be calculated on the frequency range 0 to +∞ while EIS data are available only on a limited frequency range. A practical implementation of the KK test has been proposed by Urquidi-Macdonald et al (1990), where polynomial extrapolation was suggested outside the measured frequency range (Boukamp, 1995;Schönleber et al, 2014) where a chain of parallel RC elements is used to model impedance data. While in most EIS applications the stimulating signal amplitude is kept low to work in the pseudo-linear region, in a limited number of cases the system non-linear response is investigated for additional information (Grossi et al, 2012b).…”

Corrosion resistances of passive films on low‐Cr steel and carbon steel in simulated concrete pore solution

“…Kramers-Kronig (K-K) transforms can be used as an independent validity check of the impedance data. [29] According to the K-K transforms of the impedance data (not present here), the K-K transforms are similar, demonstrating that the system remains stable during the measurement time. The measured impedance was the largest for the film formation potential at +0.3 V versus SCE; as the formation potential applied to the electrode became more anodic, the diameter of the semicircles appeared to be more larger.…”

“…The values of N d can be determined from the slope of the experimental C À2 versus E assuming the dielectric constant of the passive film on the alloy. [30] According to Eqn (10), the slopes of the linear portion of the C À2 versus E give the charge carrier density N, from the relation [24,29] :…”

“…[24,29] Moreover, the values of N d decreases with increasing potentials. Thus, passive films of CS and 3Cr steel formed at low passive potentials have more disordered structures and higher defect densities than those formed at higher passive potentials.…”

Approximability of impedance spectra by RC elements and implications for impedance analysis

“…If the model approximates the spectrum well, the measurement is considered valid, while it is considered invalid if approximation is poor [1][2][3][4]. As there is usually no constraint put on the solution, both positive and negative resistor values might be derived (generalized RC element) and are (for some systems) even necessary (see [5,6]), even though they are not meaningful in a strictly physical sense.…”