A method for estimating the temperature in high energy density free electron laser experiments

Probing phase transitions under extreme conditions by ultrafast techniques: Advances at the Fermi@Elettra free-electron-laser facility

“…Proper diagnostics for the temperature takes advantage of our knowledge on the shape of the pump pulse as described in Refs. [14,16].…”

“…The 5-axis motorized manipulator is conceived for single-shot measurements at 10-100 Hz rate, allowing precise alignment of the sample in the interaction region with pump and probe ultrashort pulses. Useful diagnostic for initial experiments include a long-distance (LD) microscope for fine micrometric alignments and an infra-red pyrometer [16], but further space is left for additional instrumentation. The main chamber will be equipped with a set of avalanche diode detectors for measurements of direct photon transmission.…”

“…An UHV chamber, connected with a UHV preparation chamber, hosts a 5-axis motorized manipulator allowing for single-shot measurements at 10-100 Hz rate. Diagnostics include a long-distance (LD) microscope for fine micrometric alignments and an infra-red pyrometer [16]. Lower panel: set-up for soft X-ray absorption experiments (a); set-up for ultrafast pump-and-probe optical reflectivity and absorption experiments (b).…”