A method for enhanced polymer spur gear inspection based on 3D optical metrology

Urbas, Uroš; Zorko, Damijan; Černe, Borut; Tavčar, Jože; Vukašinović, Nikola

doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108584

Cited by 32 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Some of the main benefits of polymer gears are high size-weight ratio, low coefficient of friction, self-lubrication, high resistance against impact loading, ability to absorb and damp vibration, reduced noise, ability to be used in food preparation areas, etc. [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. However, polymer gears also have some disadvantages, such as less load carrying capacity and lower operating temperatures if compared to the metal gears, difficulties in achieving high tolerances (especially in the case of moulded gears), relatively high dimensional variations due to temperature and humidity conditions, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Investigation of the Wear Behaviour of Coated Polymer Gears

et al. 2021

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A comprehensive experimental investigation of the wear behaviour of coated spur polymer gears made of POM is performed in this study. The three physical vapour deposition (PVD) coatings investigated were aluminium (Al), chromium (Cr), and chromium nitrite (CrN). Al was deposited in three process steps: By plasma activation, metallisation of Al by the magnetron sputtering process, and by plasma polymerisation. Cr deposition was performed in only one step, namely, the metallization of Cr by the magnetron sputtering process. The deposition of CrN was carried out in two steps: the first involved the metallization of Cr by the magnetron sputtering process while the second step, vapour deposition, involved the reactive metallisation of Cr with nitrogen, also by the magnetron sputtering process. The gears were tested on an in-house developed testing rig for different torques (16, 20, 24 and 30 Nm) and rotational speed of 1000 rpm. The duration of the experiments was set to 13 h, when the tooth thickness, and, consequently, the wear of the tooth flank was recorded. The experimental results showed that the influence of metallisation with aluminium, chromium, and chromium nitrite surface coatings on the wear behaviour of the analysed polymer gear is not significant. This is probably due to the fact that the analysed coatings were, in all cases, very thin (less than 500 nm), and therefore did not influence the wear resistance significantly. In that respect, an additional testing using thicker coatings should be applied in the further research work.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Investigation of the Wear Behaviour of Coated Polymer Gears

et al. 2021

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“…The technique is useful for assessing polymer gears that are produced by injection moulding because of the significant variations that can occur there. It was proven that the quality grades can be accurately determined [7], however, standard quality parameters do not take into account large scale deviations. They currently only evaluate relative differences of the geometry.…”

Section: Expanding the Evaluation With More Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The limited evaluation is prevalent in current evaluation procedures [5]. Therefore, a method to obtain holistic threedimensional (3D) measurements with optical inspection was thoroughly investigated in a previous project [6,7]. 3D optical scanning was utilised to acquire the measurement data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Augmented Reality Aided Inspection of Gears

et al. 2021

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For precisely produced polymer gears with a fast turnaround, reliable and easy inspection is crucial. The research project includes determining geometrical parameters and proposes a new parameter, which includes the absolute deviation of the gear from the designed model. The new parameter can be used to determine the shrinkage of the polymer gears and is used as feedback to the design process through augmented reality aided inspection. The inspection process begins with acquiring an optical scan, which captures the geometry of the whole gear. It includes a comparison to the CAD model. Using model-based definition, the measures and tolerances from the design phase are transferred to the inspection through STEP AP 242. During the inspection, the gear is evaluated if it is in accordance with the prescribed tolerances. The results are used as feedback to the design process through augmented reality, which enables a clear presentation of the results on the actual object. The presentation gives a direction where big shrinkage occurs and shows how much the mould design needs to be changed. The results include the colour map of the deviation, standard geometrical parameters, the shrinkage parameter, and the measure/tolerance check.

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“…The indicated technologies for the construction and design of gears were described in the works by Radzevich [ 4 ], Skoć and Switoński [ 5 ], and Nieszporek [ 6 ]. At present, there is a noticeable tendency to inspect manufactured gears using contactless methods; for example, the method of optical inspection of gears made of polymer using an injection method was presented by Urbas et al [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Machining of Gears with Regular and Modified Outline Using CNC Machine Tools

Gołębski

Boral

2021

Materials

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Classic methods of machining cylindrical gears, such as hobbing or circumferential chiseling, require the use of expensive special machine tools and dedicated tools, which makes production unprofitable, especially in small and medium series. Today, special attention is paid to the technology of making gears using universal CNC (computer numerical control) machine tools with standard cheap tools. On the basis of the presented mathematical model, a software was developed to generate a code that controls a machine tool for machining cylindrical gears with straight and modified tooth line using the multipass method. Made of steel 16MnCr5, gear wheels with a straight tooth line and with a longitudinally modified convex-convex tooth line were machined on a five-axis CNC milling machine DMG MORI CMX50U, using solid carbide milling cutters (cylindrical and ball end) for processing. The manufactured gears were inspected on a ZEISS coordinate measuring machine, using the software Gear Pro Involute. The conformity of the outline, the tooth line, and the gear pitch were assessed. The side surfaces of the teeth after machining according to the planned strategy were also assessed; the tests were carried out using the optical microscope Alicona Infinite Focus G5 and the contact profilographometer Taylor Hobson, Talysurf 120. The presented method is able to provide a very good quality of machined gears in relation to competing methods. The great advantage of this method is the use of a tool that is not geometrically related to the shape of the machined gear profile, which allows the production of cylindrical gears with a tooth and profile line other than the standard.

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A method for enhanced polymer spur gear inspection based on 3D optical metrology

Cited by 32 publications

References 48 publications

Experimental Investigation of the Wear Behaviour of Coated Polymer Gears

Experimental Investigation of the Wear Behaviour of Coated Polymer Gears

Augmented Reality Aided Inspection of Gears

Study of Machining of Gears with Regular and Modified Outline Using CNC Machine Tools

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