“…3. E(x) versusx4 obtained by use of the reference method (see [20]) and the proposed method. N = 250.…”
Section: E Edgementioning
confidence: 99%
“…A related approach is described in [20], which uses the gradient method with independent step size for respectively [x 1 ; the obtained E rms values for differentx 4 . The result is presented in Fig.…”
“…We investigate the relative difference between the objective from the algorithm in [20] at iteration i using the gradient approach and the solution found by the proposed method given by…”
Section: Comparison Wrt Accuracy and Efficiencymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…g is the x-vector for iteration i generated by the gradient based reference method [20], and f (x p ) is the objective of the solution provided by the proposed method. The result is shown in Fig.…”
Section: Comparison Wrt Accuracy and Efficiencymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Acar et al [19] proposed to use an enhanced EVM measurement technique for both receiver and transmitter testing. Mashhour and Borjak [20] used a steepest descend optimization technique with fixed initial conditions. Xia et al [21] proposed methods for simple time offset correction and frequency offset estimation suitable for the EDGE communication standard.…”
Section: Introduction and State-of-the-artmentioning
The modulation accuracy described by an error vector magnitude is a critical parameter in modern communication systems -defined originally as a performance metric for transmitters but now also used in receiver design and for more general signal analysis. The modulation accuracy is a measure of how far a test signal is from a reference signal at the symbol values when some parameters in a reconstruction model are optimized for best agreement. This paper provides an approach to computation of error vector magnitude as described in several standards from measured or simulated data. It is shown that the error vector magnitude optimization problem is generally non-convex. Robust estimation of the initial conditions for the optimizer is suggested, which is particularly important for a non-convex problem. A Bender decomposition approach is used to separate convex and non-convex parts of the problem to make the optimization procedure simpler and robust. A two step global optimization method is suggested where the global step is the grid method and the local method is the Newton method. A number of test cases are shown to illustrate the concepts.
“…3. E(x) versusx4 obtained by use of the reference method (see [20]) and the proposed method. N = 250.…”
Section: E Edgementioning
confidence: 99%
“…A related approach is described in [20], which uses the gradient method with independent step size for respectively [x 1 ; the obtained E rms values for differentx 4 . The result is presented in Fig.…”
“…We investigate the relative difference between the objective from the algorithm in [20] at iteration i using the gradient approach and the solution found by the proposed method given by…”
Section: Comparison Wrt Accuracy and Efficiencymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…g is the x-vector for iteration i generated by the gradient based reference method [20], and f (x p ) is the objective of the solution provided by the proposed method. The result is shown in Fig.…”
Section: Comparison Wrt Accuracy and Efficiencymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Acar et al [19] proposed to use an enhanced EVM measurement technique for both receiver and transmitter testing. Mashhour and Borjak [20] used a steepest descend optimization technique with fixed initial conditions. Xia et al [21] proposed methods for simple time offset correction and frequency offset estimation suitable for the EDGE communication standard.…”
Section: Introduction and State-of-the-artmentioning
The modulation accuracy described by an error vector magnitude is a critical parameter in modern communication systems -defined originally as a performance metric for transmitters but now also used in receiver design and for more general signal analysis. The modulation accuracy is a measure of how far a test signal is from a reference signal at the symbol values when some parameters in a reconstruction model are optimized for best agreement. This paper provides an approach to computation of error vector magnitude as described in several standards from measured or simulated data. It is shown that the error vector magnitude optimization problem is generally non-convex. Robust estimation of the initial conditions for the optimizer is suggested, which is particularly important for a non-convex problem. A Bender decomposition approach is used to separate convex and non-convex parts of the problem to make the optimization procedure simpler and robust. A two step global optimization method is suggested where the global step is the grid method and the local method is the Newton method. A number of test cases are shown to illustrate the concepts.
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