A method for classifying user-reported electronic cigarette liquid flavors

Yingst, Jessica; Veldheer, Susan; Hammett, Erin; Hrabovsky, Shari; Foulds, Jonathan

doi:10.1093/ntr/ntw383

Cited by 34 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Further, this finding persisted in the presence of a reduced exposure message and was replicated in the CPT measure of demand elasticity, suggesting a potential role for e-cigarette flavor. The differences in flavors examined could explain some of the discrepancies between studies: perhaps the difference in appeal between cherry and no flavor is greater than the difference in appeal between tobacco and menthol flavor, 30 which are more familiar flavors for cigarette smokers. Indeed, in additional post-hoc analyses combining data from both studies, we found that the difference in MCP crossover point between no flavor and cherry flavor was statistically significant (p = .02), but the difference between tobacco and menthol flavor was not significant (p = .10, results available from the authors upon request).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Flavors and Modified Risk Messages on E-cigarette Abuse Liability

et al. 2017

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Objectives To measure e-cigarettes’ abuse liability compared to conventional tobacco cigarettes under flavor and message conditions amenable to regulation. Methods Two studies used 2×2 within-subjects designs with factors of e-cigarette flavor (Study 1: tobacco vs. menthol; Study 2: cherry vs. unflavored) and message (Study 1: reduced harm vs. no message; Study 2: reduced exposure to carcinogens vs. no message) with cigarette smokers (N(total) = 36). Linear mixed effects models assessed abuse liability for tobacco products. Outcomes included the price after which consumption is zero (the maximum amount participants would pay for a tobacco product) from the multiple choice procedure (MCP) and cigarette purchase task (CPT) and demand elasticity (price sensitivity) from the CPT. Results In the MCP, the price where consumption reached zero was significantly lower in all e-cigarette conditions except tobacco flavor (message or no message) compared to cigarettes (p < .05 each). Demand elasticity was significantly higher for menthol/no message and unflavored/reduced exposure message conditions relative to cigarettes (p < .05 each). Conclusions Flavors and modified risk messages included with e-cigarettes may affect e-cigarette abuse liability among smokers, suggesting regulatory pathways to influence demand for conventional and alternative tobacco products.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Flavors and Modified Risk Messages on E-cigarette Abuse Liability

et al. 2017

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“…For one, it is important to note that the literature does not have a consistent and standardised way to categorise flavours. Yingst and colleagues83 have attempted to identify such a classification system, which, if used by researchers, would allow results to be more easily compared across studies. This would also assist policymakers in regulating flavours more easily, as it is possible that some categories of flavours may be more appealing to youth than others.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of non-menthol flavours in e-cigarettes on perceptions and use: an updated systematic review

et al. 2019

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ObjectivesGiven the exponential increase in the use of e-cigarettes among younger age groups and in the growth in research on e-cigarette flavours, we conducted a systematic review examining the impact of non-menthol flavoured e-cigarettes on e-cigarette perceptions and use among youth and adults.DesignPubMed, Embase, PyscINFO and CINAHL were systematically searched for studies published and indexed through March 2018.Eligibility criteriaQuantitative observational and experimental studies that assessed the effect of non-menthol flavours in e-cigarettes on perceptions and use behaviours were included. Specific outcome measures assessed are appeal, reasons for use, risk perceptions, susceptibility, intention to try, initiation, preference, current use, quit intentions and cessation.Data extraction and synthesisThree authors independently extracted data related to the impact of flavours in tobacco products. Data from a previous review were then combined with those from the updated review for final analysis. Results were then grouped and analysed by outcome measure.ResultsThe review included 51 articles for synthesis, including 17 published up to 2016 and an additional 34 published between 2016 and 2018. Results indicate that non-menthol flavours in e-cigarettes decrease harm perceptions (five studies) and increase willingness to try and initiation of e-cigarettes (six studies). Among adults, e-cigarette flavours increase product appeal (seven studies) and are a primary reason many adults use the product (five studies). The role of flavoured e-cigarettes on smoking cessation remains unclear (six studies).ConclusionThis review provides summary data on the role of non-menthol flavours in e-cigarette perceptions and use. Consistent evidence shows that flavours attract both youth and adults to use e-cigarettes. Given the clear findings that such flavours increase product appeal, willingness to try and initiation among youth, banning non-menthol flavours in e-cigarettes may reduce youth e-cigarette use. Longitudinal research is needed to examine any role flavours may play in quit behaviours among adults.

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“…There are nearly 500 brands of e-liquids, and over 7,000 flavors [ 72 ] available from online providers and locally owned shops. It is this wide selection of flavors and brands that contributes to the appeal for ECIG consumers [ 2 , 73 ]. While the number of options and flavors continues to increase, the impacts of heating the multitude of PG, VG and flavor combinations lags behind.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

E-cigarette aerosol exposure can cause craniofacial defects in Xenopus laevis embryos and mammalian neural crest cells

et al. 2017

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Since electronic cigarette (ECIG) introduction to American markets in 2007, vaping has surged in popularity. Many, including women of reproductive age, also believe that ECIG use is safer than traditional tobacco cigarettes and is not hazardous when pregnant. However, there are few studies investigating the effects of ECIG exposure on the developing embryo and nothing is known about potential effects on craniofacial development. Therefore, we have tested the effects of several aerosolized e-cigarette liquids (e-cigAM) in an in vivo craniofacial model, Xenopus laevis, as well as a mammalian neural crest cell line. Results demonstrate that e-cigAM exposure during embryonic development induces a variety of defects, including median facial clefts and midface hypoplasia in two of e-cigAMs tested e-cigAMs. Detailed quantitative analyses of the facial morphology revealed that nicotine is not the main factor in inducing craniofacial defects, but can exacerbate the effects of the other e-liquid components. Additionally, while two different e-cigAMs can have very similar consequences on facial appearances, there are subtle differences that could be due to the differences in e-cigAM components. Further assessment of embryos exposed to these particular e-cigAMs revealed cranial cartilage and muscle defects and a reduction in the blood supply to the face. Finally, the expression of markers for vascular and cartilage differentiation was reduced in a mammalian neural crest cell line corroborating the in vivo effects. Our work is the first to show that ECIG use could pose a potential hazard to the developing embryo and cause craniofacial birth defects. This emphasizes the need for more testing and regulation of this new popular product.

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A method for classifying user-reported electronic cigarette liquid flavors

Cited by 34 publications

References 15 publications

Effect of Flavors and Modified Risk Messages on E-cigarette Abuse Liability

Effect of Flavors and Modified Risk Messages on E-cigarette Abuse Liability

Impact of non-menthol flavours in e-cigarettes on perceptions and use: an updated systematic review

E-cigarette aerosol exposure can cause craniofacial defects in Xenopus laevis embryos and mammalian neural crest cells

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