“…However, other researchers have concluded that not enough is known about the effect of tutoring on mathematics scores (Ritter, Barnett, Denny, & Albin, 2009;Baker, Rieg, & Clendaniel, 2006). Furthermore, some studies have found promising evidence to suggest that interactive online mathematics tutoring in particular may result in learning and achievement benefits for students (Beal, Walles, Arroyo, & Woolf, 2007;Chappell, Nunnery, Pribesh, & Hager, 2011;Nguyen & Kulm, 2005), but less is known about how these programs function as Tier 3 interventions in contexts that carefully structure Tier 1 and 2 supports. This study explores how online mathematics tutoring impacted student achievement outcomes and perceptions in the context of a wider reform that provided primary and secondary supports, and functioned to augment that effort as a tertiary intervention.…”